Table of Contents	6
	Preface	10
	Acknowledgements	14
	List of Contributors	16
	Part 1 GENERAL THEMES	22
	Mycenaean Technology	23
	1 Technology in Hesiod	23
	2 Technology in Homer	24
	3 The Technology of Mycenaeans	26
	3.1 Water Supply of Cities	28
	3.2 Dams	30
	3.3 Flood Control and Land-Reclamation Works	32
	3.4 Building Technology and Bridges	36
	3.5 Metallurgy	38
	3.6 Shipbuilding	43
	Appendix: How Much Coloured the Ancestors of theWhite Athena Were	47
	References	52
	Autagreton	54
	Part 2 MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS	59
	Archimedes’ Count of Homer’s Cattle of the Sun	60
	1 Homer’s Cattle of the Sun	61
	2 Archimedes’ Version of the Number of the Cattle of the Sun	63
	3 The First Part of the Cattle Problem	64
	4 The Second Part of the Cattle Problem	67
	Appendix: The Smallest Number of Cattle of the Sun	73
	References	83
	Vortices in Homer’s Odyssey – A Scientific Approach	84
	1 Introduction	84
	2 Charybdis	86
	3 The Phaeacian Whirlpools	91
	4 Conclusions	92
	References	92
	Bibliography	92
	The Homeric Automata and Their Implementation	93
	1 Introduction	93
	2 The Automata in the Iliad	94
	3 The Automata in the Odyssey	95
	4 The Problem of Internal Energy of the Automata	96
	5 The Problem of Automatic Control	97
	6 The Implementation of the Homeric Visions in the Hellenistic Period	98
	7 Conclusions	100
	References	100
	The River Ocean: Homer’s Cosmogony	101
	References	107
	The Laws of Curvilinear Motion in the Iliad	108
	1 The Mycenaean Chariot	108
	2 Nestor’s Instructions to Antilochos	109
	3 On Curvilinear Motion	111
	4 The Chariot Race	113
	References	115
	Part 3 MATERIALS	116
	Iron in the Homeric Epics & Homer, a Sensible Ecologist	117
	1 Introduction	117
	2 Iron, a Poor, Disdained and Ugly Metal	118
	3 Iron, a Metal with Magical Properties	118
	4 Minoan and Mycenaean Iron Seal-Rings of 2nd Millenneum BC	118
	5 Iron Used in Exchange Commodities	121
	6 The Use of Iron as a Weapon	122
	7 Odyssey	122
	8 Homer, a Sensible Ecologist of 8th Century BC	124
	9 Discussion and Conclusion	125
	Early Bronze Technology at Land’s End, North Western Iberia	126
	1 Introduction	127
	2 Tin in Early Bronzes	129
	3 Neutron and Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Analysis	132
	4 Metals as Prestige Goods in the Homeric Epics	136
	5 Conclusions	140
	Acknowledgemetns	141
	References	141
	Porphyra: In Search of Dyeing Methods in Ancient Greece	145
	1 Introduction	145
	2 Extract by Corrosion	148
	3 Aiming at Complete Removal of Smell	148
	4 Perfect Dyestuff by Using HoneyWine	149
	5 Dyeing Ivory	149
	6 Shaping and Preparation for Dyeing	150
	7 Epilogue	150
	Technology Transfer in the Bronze Age: The Case of a Faience- Like Blue Glaze Produced at Bread- Oven Temperatures	151
	1 Introduction	152
	2 The Case of the 36000 Glazed Tiles from Djoser’s Pyramid	153
	3 The Davidovits Proposition [26]	161
	4 Characterisation of the Geopolymer Material	163
	5 The Next Step	168
	6 On Hephaistian Arts and Crafts	169
	7 Conclusions	173
	Acknowledgements	174
	References	174
	Part 4 DEFENSIVEWEAPONS	177
	From Homer to Hoplite: Scientific Investigations of Greek Copper Alloy Helmets	178
	1 Introduction	178
	2 Helmets in Antiquity 2.1 From Homer to the Hoplite	179
	2.2 Evidence of Helmets and Polychromy	180
	2.3 Methodology	181
	3 Experimental Results and Discussion 3.1 Bulk Composition and Manufacturing Process	182
	3.2 Surface Corrosion Phenomena and Tinning	184
	3.3 Adhesive for Gold Foil Decoration	187
	4 Conclusions	188
	References	188
	DefensiveWeapons in Homer	191
	1 Introduction: Materials in Homer 1.1 Metals	191
	1.2 Composite Materials	192
	2 The Homeric Shields 2.1 The Shield of Achilles	193
	2.2 The Shield of Ajax	201
	3 Discussion and Conclusions	204
	4 The Shield of Heracles	207
	5 The Roman Shield	208
	6 The Shield of Atreid’s	208
	7 The Mycenaean Helmets	210
	8 Review and Conclusions	212
	References	213
	How the Greeks Got Ahead: Technological Aspects of Manufacture of a Corinthian Type Hoplite Bronze Helmet from Olympia	214
	1 Introduction	215
	2 Techniques Applied	216
	3 Results	218
	3.1 Corrosion Products	218
	3.2 Microstrain Broadening	221
	3.3 Texture Analysis	222
	4 What Does Homer Say about Helmets?	223
	5 Threads to Follow	226
	6 Conclusions	228
	Acknowledgements	228
	References	229
	Part 5 TELECOMMUNICATIONS	230
	Theoretical Analysis of Telecommunication through “ Friktories”	231
	1 Introduction	231
	2 Electromagnetic Analysis of a Troy-Mycenae Communication Link	232
	3 Communication Analysis of Troy-Mycenae Link	236
	4 Conclusions	236
	References	237
	Part 6 GEOLOGY – GEOMECHANICS	238
	Elements of Engineering Geology and Geotechnical Engineering in the Homeric Poems	239
	1 Introduction	239
	2 Geological Descriptions	240
	3 Geologic Processes	241
	3.1 Riverine Environment and Deposits	241
	3.2 Soil Types	242
	3.3 Landslides and Erosion	242
	3.4 Earthquakes	243
	4 Geotechnical Engineering	244
	4.1 The Trench of the Achaeans	244
	4.2 Pavement Construction and Road Infrastructure	245
	4.3 Port Facilities	246
	4.4 Embankments	247
	5 Conclusions	247
	Notes	247
	References	248
	Geological Knowledge of Greeks in the Era of Trojan War	249
	1 Introduction	250
	2 The Minyans	251
	2.1 Works Constructed by the Minyans in the Greek Region	252
	2.2 Technological Knowledge of Minyans	257
	2.3 Economic and Managerial Capacities of the Minyans	259
	References	260
	Static and Dynamic Analysis of the Atreus Vaulted Tomb inMycenae	262
	1 Introduction	262
	2 The FOM Damage Model	263
	3 Introductory Remarks about the Structure	266
	4 Static and Dynamic Analysis of the Tomb	266
	5 Conclusions	269
	References	270
	Part 7 MEDICINE	271
	Homeric Injury Scenes on Ancient Greek Pottery Reveal Medical Knowledge	272
	1 Introduction	272
	2 Illustrations Proving Medical Knowledge	272
	3 Medical Terminology	275
	4 Epilogue	277
	References	277
	The Healing Art in the Iliad	278
	1 Introduction	278
	2 The Origin of Traumatology	278
	3 Two Case Reports of Battle-Wounds	279
	4 Discussion	281
	5 Concluding Remarks	283
	References	283
	Medicinal Herbs and Plants in Homer	285
	1 Introduction	285
	2 Homeric References to Plants and Magical Herms	286
	3 Conclusions	293
	References	293
	Part 8 FLORA AND FAUNA	294
	Agricultural Development in the Homeric Era	295
	1 Agricultural Development	295
	1.1 Cereal Farming	298
	1.2 Grapevine Cultivation	299
	1.3 Field Irrigation	299
	2 Conclusion	300
	References	300
	The Fauna of Greece and Adjacent Areas in the Age of Homer*	302
	1 Introduction	302
	2 Classical Names and Recent Taxa	303
	3 The Homeric Man and His Knowledge of the Animal Kingdom	307
	4 Past and Present: Comments on Faunal Composition	310
	5 Conclusions	312
	Acknowledgements	313
	References	313
	Part 9 ASTRONOMY	315
	“Eneoros Minos” and the Minoan Calendrical Abacus	316
	1 The Minoan Calendar	316
	1.1 The Function of the Abacus	319
	2 “EneorosMinos”	320
	References	321
	The Divine Fires of Creation: Homeric Hephaestos as a Comet/ Meteor God	322
	1 Introduction	323
	2 The Fall onEarth	323
	3 The DivineWorks	324
	4 The Pelasgian Substratum: The Circum-Mediterranean Nuclei 4.1 Minoan Crete and Lemnos: The Labyrinth	325
	4.2 The Pelasgians and the Etruscans	326
	5 Fire Festivities: The Kabeirian Mysteries	327
	6 Hephaestos and Athena: A Dual Celestial Archetype	327
	7 The Archaeoastronomical Evidence 7.1 Hephaestos 2212	328
	7.2 The Three Cities of Troy in the Homeric Epics	329
	8 Comets and Their Symbolic Images	330
	9 The Geoarchaeological Evidence 9.1 Lemnian Earth and the Destruction Layers	332
	9.2 Impact Craters: Underwater or Terrestrial?	333
	10 Conclusions	334
	Acknowledgements	334
	References	335
	A Comet during the TrojanWar?	338
	1 Introduction	339
	2 An Old Interpretation of Phaethon Phenomenon	341
	3 A New Interpretation of Phaethon Phenomenon	341
	4 Attempts to Date Phaethon’s Passing	347
	5 Conclusions	349
	Acknowledgements	352
	Notes	352
	References	353
	Homeric Calendar and Helios Charioteer	354
	1 Homeric and Mycenaean Calendars	354
	2 Helios Charioteer	359
	3 The Cattle of the Sun	363
	4 HeliosWho Sees Everything	364
	Acknowledgements	365
	References	365
	Homer and Orosius: A Key to Explain Deucalion’s Flood, Exodus and Other Tales	366
	1 Orosius as a Key to Understanding Deucalion’s Flood and Exodus	366
	2 Before the Phaethon Explosion: The Key in Homer	369
	Acknowledgement	371
	References	371
	Part 10 SEAFARING	372
	Homer at Sea (	373
	1	373
	1 Introduction	373
	2 Problems of Historiography	374
	3 The Form of the Ship	375
	4 Ship Construction	375
	5 Navigation	378
	6 Conclusion	379
	References	380
	The Redness of Ulysses’ Ships	381
	1 Introduction	381
	2 Experimental	382
	3 Discussion	383
	4 Conclusions	385
	Acknowledgements	385
	References	385
	Ambrosia, Nectar and Elaion in the Homeric Poems	386
	1 Ambrosia, Nector and Elaion	386
	References	392
	Dietary Habits in Homer	395
	1 Introduction	395
	2 Homer and the Habits of Achaean Heroes	396
	3 The Fruits of the Earth	397
	3.1 Cereals	398
	3.2 Fruits and Vegetables	399
	3.3 Wine	400
	3.4 Olive Oil	402
	4 Dairy Products and the Consumption of Meat	402
	5 Seafood	405
	6 Conclusions	405
	References	406
	Part 12 GEOGRAPHY	407
	Trojan Plain and Homeric Topography	408
	1 Introduction	408
	2 Characteristics and Orientation of the Achaean Camp	412
	3 Key Elements of Homeric Topography	413
	4 The Location of the Camp and Homer’s Testimony	420
	5 Conclusion	423
	References	424
	Part 13 GENERAL INTEREST	425
	Mêtis and the Artificial	426
	1 Introduction	426
	2 Mêtis Models	427
	3 Design andAction	429
	4 Conclusion	432
	References	432
	Interpreting the Representations on the Shield of Achilles	434
	1 Introduction	434
	2 The Homeric Shield	435
	3 The Shield’s Representations	435
	4 Interpreting Shield’s Representations	436
	5 Summary and Conclusion	440
	References	440
	Homer and the So-Called Homeric Questions	442
	1 Introduction	442
	2 What Does “Homer” Mean?	445
	3 On Homer’s Parents	448
	4 Delivery Oral or in Writing?	450
	5 Ithaca	453
	6 Ulysses’ “Ithaca” Is Not Lefkas But Cephalonia	454
	7 Ulysses’ Sailing Out to the Ocean	455
	References	458
	Atlantis in Homer and Other Authors Prior to Plato*	459
	1 Introduction	459
	2 Ancient Greek Sources about Atlantis Prior to Plato	460
	3 RedTears	466
	4 Nature of the Island	475
	5 Orientation of Atlantis	476
	6 Geomorphology	477
	7 Mechanism of Catastrophe	479
	8 Atlantis’ Flora and Fauna	480
	9 The Size of Atlantis	483
	10 Atlantes	484
	11 The GiantWestern Continent	492
	12 Conclusions	493
	Acknowledgements	496
	Notes	496
	References	496
	Did Ulysses Travel to Atlantis?	499
	1 Odyssey	499
	2 Fictional Elements	500
	3 Ancient Athens	501
	4 Sea Peoples	501
	5 Tartessos	502
	6 Conclusion	503
	7 Outlook	503
	References	504
	Homer’s Reference to Writing in Proitos’ Era	505
	1 Introduction	505
	2 WhenDidProitosLive?	505
	3 The Letter and Its Script	507
	4 Conclusion	510
	Derivation of the Alphabet from the Minoan Syllabic Scripts	512
	References	513
	Linguistic Science and Script Technology: The Homeric Evidence	514
	References	518
	The Miraculous Homeric Metre	520
	1 Introduction	520
	2 Meditation	520
	3 The Homeric Metre	523
	4 The Dactylic Hexameter	524
	5 Conclusion	525
	References	525