Contents	6
	Contributors	8
	Introduction to Fairness in International Trade	10
	Part I: Economic Development, Wealth Creation and Africa	10
	Part II: Fairness in International Trade A Global Perspective	12
	Part I Economic Development, Wealth Creation and Africa	17
	1 The Bottom Billion and What We Can Do to Help	18
	1.1 Introduction	18
	1.2 Paul Collier	18
	References	23
	2 A Rich Concept of Wealth Creation Beyond Profit Maximization and Adding Value	24
	2.1 Need for a Fresh Look at the Creation of Wealth	24
	2.1.1 Winners and Losers in the Process of Wealth Creation Over the Last 50 Years	25
	2.1.2 Wealth Creation: A Blind Spot of CSR?	30
	2.1.3 What Is the Economic Underpinning of ''Maximizing Shareholder Value'' and ''Adding Value''?	30
	2.2 Conceptual Clarifications: What Is the Creation of Wealth?	31
	2.3 Challenges for Business Ethics	37
	2.4 Conclusion	39
	References	40
	3 Cultural Values, Economic Growth and Development	42
	3.1 Introductory Background	42
	3.2 The Issues at Stake	43
	3.3 Making Sense of the Neo-liberals Claim	43
	3.4 Questioning the Link Between Self-Interest and Economic Growth	45
	3.5 Viewing the Principle of Self-Interest Against Its Historico-cultural Background	48
	3.5.1 Human Sovereignty	48
	3.5.2 Individual Sovereignty	48
	3.5.3 Freedom	49
	3.5.4 Private Property	49
	3.5.5 Materialism	50
	3.5.6 Reason	50
	3.6 Cultural Values, Economic Growth and Development: The Necessary Link	52
	3.7 Linking African Cultural Values to Africas Economic Growth and Development	54
	3.8 Conclusion	57
	References	58
	4 Black Economic Empowerment and the Post-Apartheid South African Quest for the Domestication of Western Capitalism	62
	4.1 Lay Peoples Discussion on South African Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)	62
	4.2 Introduction	64
	4.3 BEE/Ingidenisation/Africanisation and the Colonial Heritage	66
	4.4 BEE/Indigenisation/Africanisation and the Problem of Emulation	71
	4.5 BEE/Indigenisation/Africanisation as Mistaken Policies	77
	4.6 BEE/Indigenisation/Africanisation and Global Capitalism	79
	4.7 Conclusion	80
	References	81
	5 Ethical Sourcing and Moral Responsibility in Global Business: Is the Common Good the Missing Factor? The Case of the Cut Flower Industry in Kenya	83
	5.1 Introduction	83
	5.2 Kenya Floriculture in Global Business	84
	5.3 The Concept of Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility in Global Business: The Problematic of Its Application in the Kenya Cut Flower Industry	88
	5.3.1 Flower Labelling Program (FLP)	89
	5.3.2 The Ethical Sourcing Audits	90
	5.3.3 Business Management Models, Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility	91
	5.3.4 'Ethical Sourcing' Under the Agency Model of Business Management	92
	5.3.5 'Ethical Sourcing' Under the Stakeholder Model of Business Management	94
	5.3.6 The Betrayal of MSP-Generated Base Codes in Kenya Cut Flower 'Ethical Sourcing' Audits	96
	5.3.7 Exploitation: A 'Grassroots' Experience in the Cut Flower Industry in Kenya	98
	5.4 Common Good: The Missing Factor in Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility in Global Business	101
	5.4.1 Globalization and Ethics	101
	5.4.2 Ethical Sourcing and Social Responsibility from a Common Good Perspective	104
	5.5 Conclusion and Recommendations	105
	5.5.1 The Role of Global Business	105
	5.5.1.1 The Principle of Human Dignity	106
	5.5.1.2 The Principles of Beneficence and Non-maleficence	106
	5.5.1.3 The Principle of Justice	107
	5.5.2 The Role of International Bodies	107
	5.5.3 The Role of Political Authorities	108
	References	108
	Part II Fairness in International TradeA Global Perspective	111
	6 Fair Global Trade: A Perspective from Africa	112
	6.1 Introduction	112
	6.1.1 Personal and Hermeneutical Limitation	112
	6.1.2 The Complex Notion of ''Africa'' and Its Dire Socio-economic Development Needs	113
	6.2 Historical Background to the Current Debates About Fair Global Trade	114
	6.2.1 The Slave Trade	115
	6.2.2 Colonialism13 and Post-colonial Africa	117
	6.2.3 The Evolution of the Contemporary Monetary and Trade Regime	119
	6.3 Africas Expectations of the WTO and Doha Trade Negotiations	122
	6.3.1 Values	122
	6.3.2 Participation	122
	6.3.3 Agenda	123
	6.3.4 Trade Liberalization and ''Aid for Trade''	123
	6.3.5 African Union Initiatives and the Question of Identity	123
	6.4 Differential Treatment and Prioritarian Justice	124
	6.5 Ubuntu as Guiding Philosophy for a New Trade Regime?	126
	References	127
	7 Fairness in International Trade and Investment: Latin American Challenges	129
	7.1 Introduction	129
	7.2 Fairness in International Trade	129
	7.3 Perception of Fairness in Workings and Outcomes of the WTO in Latin America	130
	7.4 Ethical Issues Regarding the WTO in Latin America	133
	7.4.1 Protectionism and Barriers Suffered by Latin American Countries	137
	7.4.2 Sustainable Development and the Environment	139
	7.4.3 Moral Norms Framework	141
	7.5 Developments in Latin America to Address the Ethical Issues	142
	7.6 Final Considerations	144
	References	147
	8 Fairness in International Trade and Business Ethics: A Japanese Perspective	150
	8.1 Introduction	150
	8.2 Formal Position of the Japanese Government on the WTO	151
	8.2.1 Free Trade and the WTO Are Indispensable for Development	151
	8.2.2 Provisions on Exemptions Are Necessary	151
	8.2.3 List of Annexes	152
	8.3 From the WTO-Centered to the Bilateral EPA Approach	153
	8.3.1 Shifting to Bilateral Economic Partnership Agreements	154
	8.3.2 Five Characteristics of Japan's EPAs	154
	8.3.3 Is the WTO Effective and Fair?	155
	8.3.4 Is the Outcome of Japan's EPAs Fair?	155
	8.3.5 Is the Process of Japan's EPAs Fair?	157
	8.4 A Typical Ethical Issue for Japan: Protecting Rice Farming	157
	8.4.1 Issues of Agriculture	158
	8.4.2 High Tariff Rates on Agricultural Products	158
	8.4.3 Mutli-functionality	159
	8.4.4 Food Security	160
	8.4.5 Other Factors: Environmental Impact and Food Safety	160
	8.4.6 Protecting Rice Farming	161
	8.5 Reconsideration of Globalization and the WTO: Poverty Reduction	161
	8.5.1 The Ultimate Purpose of Globalization in the Original Position	162
	8.5.2 Criticism Against the WTO	163
	8.5.3 The Ultimate Purpose of the WTO	164
	8.5.4 How to Make Use of Globalization	164
	8.6 Initiatives by the Japanese Government: TICAD and MDGs	165
	8.6.1 World Food Crisis and TICAD IV	166
	8.6.2 Boosting Rice Production in Africa	166
	8.6.3 Sustainable Management of Water Resources	167
	8.6.4 Major Initiatives Related to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)	167
	8.6.5 Mobilizing Private Sector and Japan's ODA Policy	168
	8.6.6 Establishing Economic Infrastructure in the TICAD Process	169
	8.6.7 MDG Initiatives in the TICAD Process	171
	8.7 Initiatives by Leading Japanese Corporations: Education and Basic Infrastructure	171
	8.7.1 Contributions Corporations Can Make	172
	8.7.2 Improvement of Educational Environment	172
	8.7.3 Improvement of Basic Infrastructure	173
	8.8 Summary and Closing Remarks	174
	8.8.1 Answering the First Question	174
	8.8.2 Answering the Second Question	174
	8.8.3 Answering the Third Question (1): Protecting Rice Farming	175
	8.8.4 Answering the Third Question (2): Poverty Reduction	175
	8.8.5 Remaining Issues	176
	References	177
	9 Fairness in International Trade and Investment: North American Perspectives	178
	9.1 Introduction	178
	9.2 Bilateral and Multilateral Trade Relations in North America: Recent Developments	179
	9.2.1 Three Asymmetries	180
	9.2.2 North America and the WTO	181
	9.3 Several North American Normative Perspectives on Fairness in International Trade and Investment	186
	9.3.1 Protectionism and the Prevailing Liberal Views of Fair Play	186
	9.3.2 The Liberal Search for Distributive Justice	188
	9.3.3 Questions, Criticisms, and Dissent from Non-liberal Perspectives	190
	9.4 Open Political Processes and Fundamental Considerations	192
	9.5 Fairness and Transfer Pricing	196
	9.6 Conclusion	201
	References	203
	10 Fairness in International Trade: The Case of Economic Partnership Agreements	206
	10.1 Introduction	206
	10.2 The Background to EUACP International Trade Relations	207
	10.3 Economic Partnership Agreements and Their Predicted Effects and Associated Issues	211
	10.4 The Stop EPAs Campaign	215
	10.5 EPAs The Current Situation	216
	10.6 Assessing Fairness in International Trade	218
	10.7 An Assessment of the Fairness of EPAs	222
	10.8 Conclusion	224
	10.9 Appendix 1	225
	10.9 Appendix 2	226
	References	226
	Index	228