R For Dummies	1
	About the Authors	5
	Dedication	6
	Authors’ Acknowledgments	6
	Contents at a Glance	9
	Table of Contents	11
	Introduction	21
	About This Book	21
	Conventions Used in This Book	22
	What You’re Not to Read	23
	Foolish Assumptions	24
	How This Book Is Organized	24
	Icons Used in This Book	26
	Where to Go from Here	26
	Part I: R You Ready?	27
	Chapter 1: Introducing R: The Big Picture	29
	Recognizing the Benefits of Using R	30
	Looking At Some of the Unique Features of R	32
	Chapter 2: Exploring R	35
	Working with a Code Editor	36
	Starting Your First R Session	42
	Sourcing a Script	45
	Navigating the Workspace	48
	Chapter 3: The Fundamentals of R	51
	Using the Full Power of Functions	51
	Keeping Your Code Readable	55
	Getting from Base R to More	60
	Part 2: Getting Down to Work in R	63
	Chapter 4: Getting Started with Arithmetic	65
	Working with Numbers, Infinity, and Missing Values	65
	Organizing Data in Vectors	74
	Getting Values in and out of Vectors	78
	Working with Logical Vectors	81
	Powering Up Your Math with Vector Functions	86
	Chapter 5: Getting Started with Reading and Writing	91
	Using Character Vectors for Text Data	91
	Manipulating Text	96
	Factoring in Factors	106
	Chapter 6: Going on a Date with R	113
	Working with Dates	113
	Presenting Dates in Different Formats	115
	Adding Time Information to Dates	117
	Formatting Dates and Times	118
	Performing Operations on Dates and Times	119
	Chapter 7: Working in More Dimensions	123
	Adding a Second Dimension	123
	Using the Indices	127
	Naming Matrix Rows and Columns	131
	Calculating with Matrices	133
	Adding More Dimensions	137
	Combining Different Types of Values in a Data Frame	139
	Manipulating Values in a Data Frame	143
	Combining Different Objects in a List	149
	Part III: Coding in R	157
	Chapter 8: Putting the Fun in Functions	159
	Moving from Scripts to Functions	159
	Using Arguments the Smart Way	165
	Coping with Scoping	170
	Dispatching to a Method	174
	Chapter 9: Controlling the Logical Flow	179
	Making Choices with if Statements	180
	Doing Something Else with an if... else Statement	182
	Vectorizing Choices	183
	Making Multiple Choices	186
	Looping Through Values	188
	Looping without Loops: Meeting the Apply Family	191
	Chapter 10: Debugging Your Code	199
	Knowing What to Look For	199
	Reading Errors and Warnings	200
	Going Bug Hunting	202
	Generating Your Own Messages	207
	Recognizing the Mistakes You’re Sure to Make	209
	Chapter 11: Getting Help	213
	Finding Information in the R Help Files	213
	Searching the Web for Help with R	216
	Getting Involved in the R Community	217
	Making a Minimal Reproducible Example	219
	Part IV: Making the Data Talk	223
	Chapter 12: Getting Data into and out of R	225
	Getting Data into R	225
	Getting Your Data out of R	234
	Working with Files and Folders	235
	Chapter 13: Manipulating and Processing Data	239
	Deciding on the Most Appropriate Data Structure	239
	Creating Subsets of Your Data	241
	Adding Calculated Fields to Data	247
	Combining and Merging Data Sets	250
	Sorting and Ordering Data	256
	Traversing Your Data with the Apply Functions	260
	Getting to Know the Formula Interface	265
	Whipping Your Data into Shape	266
	Chapter 14: Summarizing Data	273
	Starting with the Right Data	273
	Describing Continuous Variables	276
	Describing Categories	278
	Describing Distributions	281
	Describing Multiple Variables	284
	Working with Tables	290
	Chapter 15: Testing Differences and Relations	295
	Taking a Closer Look at Distributions	296
	Comparing Two Samples	301
	Testing Counts and Proportions	304
	Working with Models	308
	Part V: Working with Graphics	319
	Chapter 16: Using Base Graphics	321
	Creating Different Types of Plots	321
	Controlling Plot Options and Arguments	328
	Saving Graphics to Image Files	334
	Chapter 17: Creating Faceted Graphics with Lattice	337
	Creating a Lattice Plot	338
	Changing Plot Options	341
	Plotting Different Types	345
	Plotting Data in Groups	347
	Printing and Saving a Lattice Plot	351
	Chapter 18: Looking At ggplot2 Graphics	353
	Installing and Loading ggplot2	353
	Looking At Layers	354
	Using Geoms and Stats	355
	Sussing Stats	360
	Adding Facets, Scales, and Options	363
	Getting More Information	366
	Part VI: The Part of Tens	367
	Chapter 19: Ten Things You Can Do in R That You Would’ve Done in Microsoft Excel	369
	Adding Row and Column Totals	369
	Formatting Numbers	370
	Sorting Data	372
	Making Choices with If	372
	Calculating Conditional Totals	373
	Transposing Columns or Rows	373
	Finding Unique or Duplicated Values	374
	Working with Lookup Tables	375
	Working with Pivot Tables	375
	Using the Goal Seek and Solver	376
	Chapter 20: Ten Tips on Working with Packages	379
	Poking Around the Nooks and Crannies of CRAN	379
	Finding Interesting Packages	380
	Installing Packages	380
	Loading Packages	381
	Reading the Package Manual and Vignette	381
	Updating Packages	382
	Unloading Packages	382
	Forging Ahead with R-Forge	383
	Conducting Installations from BioConductor	384
	Reading the R Manual	384
	Appendix: Installing R and RStudio	385
	Installing and Configuring R	385
	Installing and Configuring RStudio	388
	Index	391