CONTENTS	6
	LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES	8
	NOTES ON THE CONTRIBUTORS	10
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	14
	INTRODUCTION	16
	PART I METHODS OF OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS	22
	1 VARIATION AND THE VARIABLE	24
	2 FIELD METHODS	33
	3 TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS: I PHONOLOGICAL VARIATION	40
	4 TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS: II MORPHOSYNTACTIC VARIATION	49
	5 TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS: III DISCOURSE	62
	PART II SOCIAL CORRELATES	70
	6 SOCIAL CLASS	72
	7 GENDER	83
	8 AGE	90
	9 ETHNIC VARIETIES	98
	10 SPEECH COMMUNITIES	105
	PART III SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS	114
	11 STYLE AND THE LINGUISTIC REPERTOIRE	116
	12 LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY	122
	13 MOBILITY, CONTACT AND ACCOMMODATION	130
	14 LANGUAGE ATTITUDES	137
	15 POLITENESS AND POWER	143
	PART IV SOCIO-POLITICAL FACTORS	152
	16 THE IDEOLOGY OF THE STANDARD LANGUAGE	154
	17 THE INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIA	161
	18 MULTILINGUALISM	170
	19 LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION	178
	20 LANGUAGE POLICY AND LANGUAGE PLANNING	185
	PART V LANGUAGE CHANGE	194
	21 CREOLES AND PIDGINS	196
	22 KOINEIZATION	206
	23 COLONIAL AND POSTCOLONIAL VARIETIES	213
	24 LANGUAGE DEATH	220
	GLOSSARY	226
	REFERENCES	256
	INDEX	283
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