Contents	6
	Notes on Contributors	8
	Preface to third edition	10
	Acknowledgements	12
	Introduction	14
	Section 1: Basic techniques and problem-solving	18
	Unit 1 Asking questions as a way into reading	20
	Unit 2 Using information sources	33
	Unit 3 Analysing units of structure	42
	Unit 4 Recognizing genre	54
	Section 2: Language variation	66
	Unit 5 Language and time	68
	Unit 6 Language and place	80
	Unit 7 Language and context: register	92
	Unit 8 Language and gender	106
	Unit 9 Language and society	117
	Section 3: Attributing meaning	128
	Unit 10 Metaphor and figurative language	130
	Unit 11 Irony	144
	Unit 12 Juxtaposition	154
	Unit 13 Intertextuality and allusion	169
	Unit 14 Authorship and intention	181
	Unit 15 Positioning the reader or spectator	196
	Section 4: Poetic form	206
	Unit 16 Rhyme and sound patterning	208
	Unit 17 Verse, metre and rhythm	218
	Unit 18 Parallelism	232
	Unit 19 Deviation	244
	Section 5: Narrative	262
	Unit 20 Narrative	264
	Unit 21 Narrative point of view	274
	Unit 22 Speech and narration	287
	Unit 23 Narrative realism	297
	Section 6: Media: from text to performance	306
	Unit 24 Film and prose fiction	308
	Unit 25 Ways of reading drama	324
	Unit 26 Literature in performance	340
	Appendix: notes on activities	353
	Glossary	355
	References	374
	Subject index	380
	Index of names and texts discussed	387
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