Contents	6
	Preface	14
	I. Introduction	16
	Is there a Universal System of Ethics or are Ethics Culture- Specific?	18
	II. Equitable Allocation of Organs	32
	Organ Allocation on the Basis of Medical Criteria: Current International Practices	34
	The Misplaced Role of Urgency in Allocation of Persistently Scarce Life-Saving Organs	42
	Allocation and Transplantation of “ Marginal” Donor Organs – Ethical and Legal Questions	50
	Justice, Utility, and Organ Allocation	58
	A Bonus-System for Previous or Declared Organ Donors, in Case they Need an Organ themselves	69
	Organ Allocation and Justice: The Necessity of an Appropriate Ethical Analysis	80
	Organ Procurement and Allocation: Ethics, Law and Practice in Different World Regions	90
	Visceral Grafts – New Wine in Old Skins?	95
	The High Risk Patient - A Conflict of Interest	100
	”Why did I not Receive a Transplant?” - Allocation of Kidneys in the Nordic Countries	105
	III. Living Organ Donation Around the World	118
	Current Achievements in Living Donor Organ Transplantation: A Transplant Clinician’s Point of View	120
	The Changing Spectrum of Risk/Benefit in Living Organ Donation: Is a Certain Rate of Expected Post Donation Donor Mortality ever Ethically Acceptable?	124
	Kidney Donation by Altruistic Living Strangers	134
	Transplant Clinicians as Moral Gatekeepers: Is this Role Simply one of Respecting the Autonomy of Persons?	144
	Unrelated Living Organ Donation: Aspects from a Developing Country	150
	The Regulatory Framework for Living Organ Donation: Legal Barriers or Legal Protection?	158
	The Medical Rights of the Living Donor: Optimal Risk Information Before and Follow- up Afterwards	177
	The Economic Rights of Living Donors – Optimal Insurance of Living Organ Donors – Whose Responsibility?	180
	Financial Temptations for and against Live Organ Donation	183
	Psychological Problems of Living Donors before and after Transplantation	191
	Nondirected Kidney Donation at the University of Minnesota	196
	Informed Consent for Living Anonymous Adult Donors: Truth or Dare	202
	Living Anonymous Adult Donor Motives: Who Knows, who Cares, why Bother?	207
	Live Organ Donation – Rights and Responsibilities	211
	Ethical Dilemmas of Living Donors	215
	Who Gives and Who Receives? Gender Issues in Living Organ Donation	223
	A Proposal for Anonymous Living Organ Donation in Germany	232
	Trend in Kidney Donation Among Relatives at a Tertiary Care Hospital – A 12 Year Experience	237
	Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Adults: How Efficient is Recipient Screening and Donor Evaluation?	250
	Live Japanese Liver Donors and their Quality of Life	253
	Acceptability and Feasibility of Cross-Over Kidney Transplantation	256
	IV. Compensation, Controlled Financial Incentives, and Commerce in Organ Transplantation	264
	Human Organ Trafficking: Size of the Industry and Means of Regulation	266
	The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales	273
	Renal Transplantation in Iran: The Iranian Model	282
	Buying and Selling Kidneys: Are we Failing our Patients?	289
	No Payments for Organs	295
	Money and Organ Procurement: Narratives from the Real World	299
	Financial and other Incentives in Post- Mortem and Living Donor Organ Transplantation -- Which are Ethically Acceptable?	319
	Financial Incentives to the True Donors of Deceased Organs	330
	Organ Transplants: Saving Lives: Making the Case to Test Financial Incentives to Increase the Deceased Donor Supply	332
	Without Legalized Living Unrelated Donor Renal Transplantation many Patients Die or Suffer – Is it Ethical?	338
	The Principle of Reciprocity in Organ Allocation	343
	V. Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Cloning of Individuals	350
	Human Embryonic Stem Cells as a New Medical Therapeutic Tool	352
	Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Nationalism, and Transplantation	358
	Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: The Position of the Catholic Church	362
	Regenerative Medicine: A Taxonomy for Addressing Ethical, Legal and Social Issues	369
	The Regulation of Embryonic Stem Cell Research: A Few Observations on the International Scene	380
	Research on Embryonic and Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells and Organ Donation: A Comparison of Acceptance Among Affected Groups	389
	Embryonic Stem Cell Research: An Islamic Standpoint	392
	Alternatives to Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research	401
	VI. Genetic Engineering of Organs and Xenotransplantation	404
	The Current State of Engineering Tissues and Organ Parts	406
	Xenotransplantation – Ethical Problems	424
	Ethics and Human Xenotransplantation	430
	Ethical Problems Related to Further Clinical Experimentation on Xenotransplantation	439
	Xenotransplantation: Psychological Aspects in Patients	447
	VII. Attitudes Towards Organ Donation in Different Countries	456
	The Islamic Basis of Certain Issues in Transplantation	458
	Personal and Societal Choices about Living Donor Organ Donation	462
	Limiting Factors of Cadaveric Organ Transplantation in Poland: Results of the Attitude Survey. Who is to Consent for Organ Procurement?	470
	Why Organ Transplantation is Underdeveloped in Russia	480
	Ethics, Law and Practice of Transplantation: Simultaneous vs. Consecutive Development	482
	Awareness and Ethical Issues in Organ Transplantation	484
	Ethical Issues Regarding Non-Heart-Beating- Donors ( NHBDs) for Renal Transplantation	496
	The Use of Executed Prisoners’ Organs for Transplantation in China	501
	VIII. Varia	506
	Five Ethical Approaches – One Result	508
	The Preoperative Evaluation of the Renal Transplant Recipient: The Social History ( A Case for the Aristotelian Paradigm?)	514
	Estimate of the Number of Potential Organ Donors in the City of São Paulo in Relation to the Picture of Organ Transplantation in Brazil	521
	Transplantation for Patients with Down’s Syndrome	529
	The Transplant Nurses Role in Ensuring Patients Receive Appropriate Information in Order to Mate Informed Consent when Receiving an NHBD Kidney	533
	Genetic Research with Archived Tissue Samples of Deceased Persons: Ethical and Legal Issues	536
	Congress Resolutions	548
	Addresses of Corresponding Authors and Editors	551
	Index of Authors	558