Foreword	6
	Preface	8
	Contents	10
	Introduction: The Future Is Now	13
	1.1 The Future of Arid Lands	13
	1.2 The Future of Arid Lands – Revisited	16
	1.2.1 Scope	17
	1.2.2 Audience	17
	1.2.3 Objective	17
	Contexts	19
	2.1 The Situation in the 1950s	19
	2.1.1 Ambience: The Post- World War II Years	19
	2.1.2 Science: Belief in Technology	22
	2.1.3 Policy: Focus on Growth	25
	2.2 The Situation Today	26
	2.2.1 Ambience: Towards a Globalized World	26
	2.2.2 Science: Complexity and Uncertainty	29
	2.2.3 Policy: Focus on Sustainability	30
	The Search for Water	34
	3.1 The Situation in the 1950s	34
	3.1.1 Surface Water Development	35
	3.1.2 Groundwater Development	37
	3.1.3 Water Harvesting	38
	3.1.4 Desalination	39
	3.1.5 Water Reuse	40
	3.1.6 Water-Use Efficiency	40
	3.2 The Situation Today	41
	3.2.1 Surface Water Development	43
	3.2.2 Groundwater	45
	3.2.3 Water Harvesting	46
	3.2.4 Desalination	47
	3.2.5 Wastewater	48
	3.2.6 Stormwater	50
	3.2.7 Conservation	50
	3.2.8 Integrated Water Resource Management	50
	Weather Modification: More Than Bargained For?	57
	4.1 The Situation in the 1950s	57
	4.1.1 Understanding Climate Variability	58
	4.1.2 Weather Modification: Making It Rain	59
	4.2 The Situation Today	61
	4.2.1 Advances in Understanding Climate Variability	62
	4.2.2 Revisiting Weather Modification	66
	4.2.3 Global Climate Change and Drylands	68
	Plant and Animal Alternatives	75
	5.1 The Situation in the 1950s	75
	5.1.1 Exploiting What Is There	76
	5.1.2 Developing New Crops from Dryland Plants	77
	5.1.3 Importing New Resources from Other Drylands	79
	5.1.4 Improving Crops for Dryland Environments	81
	5.2 The Situation Today	83
	5.2.1 Exploiting What Is There	84
	5.2.2 Developing New Crops from Dryland Plants	84
	5.2.3 Importing New Resources from Other Drylands	86
	5.2.4 Improving Crops for Dryland Environments	89
	5.2.5 Livestock	90
	5.2.6 Changes in the Scope of Research	92
	Ecosystems	94
	6.1 The Situation in the 1950s	94
	6.1.1 Ecological Balance as Guiding Principle	95
	6.1.2 Systems Thinking in its Infancy	98
	6.2 The Situation Today	99
	6.2.1 “New Ecology” and the Nonequilibrium Paradigm	100
	6.2.2 Complex Systems Science	105
	6.2.3 Panarchy	111
	Land Use and Management	115
	7.1 The Situation in the 1950s	115
	7.1.1 Drylands As A Source of Food: The Malthusian Argument	116
	7.1.2 Concerns about “Overuse”	119
	7.2 The Situation Today	120
	7.2.1 Multiple Land Use Alternatives	121
	7.2.2 Systems Approaches in Land Management	131
	7.2.3 Dryland Management in The Context of Global Debates	134
	Policy In and For Drylands	141
	8.1 The Situation in The 1950s	141
	8.1.1 Development Through “Modernization”	142
	8.1.2 National Governments as Key Political Actors	143
	8.1.3 Global Institutions in Their Beginning	143
	8.2 The Situation Today	144
	8.2.1 New Views on Development	146
	8.2.2 Global Environmental Governance	147
	8.2.3 Intersectoral and Interinstitutional Coordination and Cooperation	150
	8.2.4 Civil Society, Participation and Empowerment	152
	8.2.5 The Evolution of The Dialogue Between Science and Policy	153
	The Future of Arid Lands – Revisited	160
	9.1 What We Have Learned	160
	9.2 Where We May Be Going	165
	References	169
	Appendix 1	193
	Table of Contents Reproduced from The Future of Arid Lands ( 1956)	193
	Appendix 2	196
	Brief Biographies of Authors Cited from The Future of Arid Lands	196
	Color Plates	205