Foreword	5
	Preface	7
	Contributors	10
	Table of Contents	12
	List of Tables	16
	List of Figures	17
	Abbreviations	19
	Introduction	22
	1.1 The Technology Diffusion of RFID and Specific Challenges	25
	1.2 Outline of the Book	27
	Framework for the Classification of RFID Applications and Stakeholders	30
	2.1 The RFID Reference Model	30
	2.2 The RFID Stakeholder Model	33
	Standards	35
	3.1 Standardisation Organisations and Processes	36
	3.1.1 Basic Rule Setting Organisations	36
	3.1.2 Standard Development Organisations	37
	3.1.3 User and Industry Organisations	38
	3.1.4 Business Models of Standardisation Organisations	38
	3.2 Radio Spectrum Framework	40
	3.3 Interoperability of Standards	46
	3.3.1 Product Codes	47
	3.3.2 The Internet of Things	48
	3.3.3 Data Exchange and the Object Name Service (ONS)	49
	3.4 Analysis of the Need for Application Specific Standards	51
	3.4.1 Logistical Tracking and Tracing of Goods	52
	3.4.2 Production, Monitoring and Maintenance of Goods and Processes	54
	3.4.3 Product Safety, Quality and Information of Goods and Processes	56
	3.4.4 Access Control Systems, Personal Tracking, Rental Systems	58
	3.4.5 General Assessment of Current RFID Application Standards	59
	3.4.6 General Recommendations on RFID Application Standards	60
	3.5 Need for Standards for RFID Sensor Tags	60
	3.6 Privacy and Security Standards	61
	3.6.1 Privacy	61
	3.6.2 Security	62
	3.6.3 Data Security Measures in Air Interface Standards	63
	3.6.4 Recommendations on Privacy and Data Security	64
	Implementation and Application Guidelines	66
	4.1 Requirements of Guidelines	67
	4.1.1 The RFID Reference Model	67
	4.1.2 The RFID Implementation Checklist	67
	4.2 Analysis of Existing Guidelines	70
	4.2.1 Method	70
	4.2.2 Initial Categorisation	72
	4.2.3 Definition of RFID Guidelines	73
	4.2.4 Process of Analysis	74
	4.2.5 List of Guidelines Analysed	75
	4.3 Quantitative Analysis of Guidelines	83
	4.3.1 Formal Categories	83
	4.3.2 Addressees of Guidelines	85
	4.3.3 Consideration of Stakeholders	89
	4.4 Establishing Guidelines Using the RFID Implementation Checklist	91
	4.5 Conclusions	96
	4.5.1 Relevance of Existing RFID Guidelines	96
	4.5.2 The RFID Implementation Checklist – next Steps	97
	Regulatory Framework	100
	5.1 Privacy	100
	5.1.1 Legal Framework	101
	5.1.2 Data Protection Principles and the Definition of Personal Data	103
	5.1.3 RFID and Data Protection Legislation: a Case Specific Approach	107
	5.1.4 Conclusions	115
	5.2 Health and Environmental Effects	119
	5.2.1 Health Effects	119
	5.2.2 Environmental Effects	120
	5.3 Radio Spectrum	122
	5.3.1 EC Legislation and other Policy Texts	122
	5.3.2 Analysis	125
	5.3.3 Conclusion	126
	5.4 The Intellectual Property Rights Framework	127
	5.4.1 Policy Approaches	127
	5.4.2 Industry approaches	130
	5.4.3 Open Source Approach: OpenPCD	132
	5.4.4 Conclusions	132
	5.5 RFID Governance	134
	5.5.1 Observation of Current Debate on Internet Governance	134
	5.5.2 Legal Framework and Approaches to RFID Governance	136
	5.5.3 Conclusions	138
	Technological Research Needs	140
	6.1 General Technology Challenges	140
	6.2 Technology Requirements	142
	6.2.1 Tags	142
	6.2.2 Readers	144
	6.2.3 System Technology	145
	6.3 RFID Technology Roadmap	146
	6.3.1 Packaging	148
	6.3.2 Chip Design	148
	6.3.3 Energy Aspects	149
	6.3.4 RF Technology	150
	6.3.5 Manufacturing	151
	6.3.6 Systems	152
	6.3.7 Readers	153
	6.3.8 Non-Silicon Technologies	154
	6.3.9 Bi-stable Displays	155
	6.3.10 Sensors	155
	6.3.11 Cryptography	156
	6.3.12 ICT Architectures	157
	6.3.13 Environmental Aspects	157
	R&D Environment	159
	7.1 Outline and Approach	159
	7.1.1 Assessment Criteria of R&D Support Programmes	160
	7.1.2 Methodology used for the Analysis	161
	7.1.3 Programmes and Countries Considered	162
	7.2 Analysis of National Programmes	163
	7.2.1 Germany	163
	7.2.2 France	166
	7.2.3 UK	169
	7.2.4 The Netherlands	169
	7.2.5 Italy	171
	7.2.6 Spain	171
	7.2.7 Austria	172
	7.2.8 Finland	174
	7.2.9 New Member States	176
	7.3 Transnational Programmes with National Funding	177
	7.3.1 NORDITE	177
	7.3.2 EUREKA	177
	7.4 Transnational Programmes with Joint National and EU Funding	179
	7.5 European Programmes	179
	7.6 R&D Programmes & the RFID Reference Model	182
	7.7 Conclusions of RFID R&D Funding Programme Assessment	183
	7.7.1 Thematic Focus of Funded Programmes	183
	7.7.2 Funding Structures	184
	7.8 Recommendation for a Future European R&D Policy	186
	Conclusion: The Next Steps for Europe	193
	8.1 The Fields of Activities	193
	8.2 The Stakeholder Perspective	197
	References	205
	Index	215