Table of Contents	5
	Preface	7
	List of Contributors	9
	Abbreviations and Acronyms	13
	Common Abbreviations and Acronyms	13
	Abbreviations for Measures	15
	Introduction	16
	Part I New and Sustainable Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies	23
	World Thirst for Energy: How to Face the Challenge	24
	1.1 Introductory Remarks	24
	1.2 World Population Evolution	25
	1.3 ExplicitWorld Energy Consumption	26
	1.4 Short and Middle-Term Evolutions	33
	1.5 Closing Remarks	42
	1.6 Conclusion	43
	Acknowledgements	43
	References	44
	Sustainability Concept for Energy, Water and Environment Systems	46
	2.1 Introduction	46
	2.2 Sustainability and Global Processes	48
	2.3 Limits	51
	2.4 Sustainability De.nitions	59
	2.5 Sustainability Concept	60
	2.6 Sustainability Measurement	61
	2.7 Sustainability Index Definition	64
	2.8 Conclusions	69
	References	69
	Efficient Production and Use of Energy: Novel Energy Rationing Technologies in Russia	71
	3.1 Russian Power Engineering: Problems and Solutions	71
	3.2 Higher Efficiency for Gas-Fueled Thermal Power Plants	76
	3.3 Cogeneration	77
	3.4 Coal Technologies	78
	3.5 Renewable Energy Sources	82
	3.6 New Types of Energy Sources	88
	3.7 Methods of Efficient Use of Energy	90
	3.8 Conclusions	92
	References	93
	Perspectives on Wind Energy	94
	4.1 Introduction	94
	4.2 Market and Cost Perspectives	96
	4.3 Technology Development	100
	4.4 Grid Integration	106
	4.5 The Research Agenda	112
	4.6 Conclusions	115
	References	116
	Photovoltaic Cells for Sustainable Energy	117
	5.1 The Solar Energy Resource	117
	5.2 Principles of Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion	118
	5.3 Fundamentals of Solar Cell Operation	122
	5.4 Materials and Performance of Solar Cells	123
	5.5 High Efficiency Tandem Cells	128
	5.6 Photo-Electrochemical Solar Cells	128
	5.7 Balance of Plant	133
	5.8 Conclusions	134
	Acknowledgements	137
	References	137
	Photo-Electrochemical Production of Hydrogen	138
	6.1 Introduction	138
	6.2 Principle of Operation	140
	6.3 Device Concepts	145
	6.4 Materials for Photo-Anodes	151
	6.5 Conclusions	155
	Acknowledgements	156
	References	156
	Distributed Energy Generation, The Fuel Cell and Its Hybrid Systems	160
	7.1 Introduction	160
	7.2 Distributed Energy Generation	161
	7.3 Hydrogen Production	162
	7.4 Fuel Cells and Superior Features of SOFC	163
	7.5 SOFC-MGT Hybrid System	167
	7.6 Numerical Simulators of SOFC Single Unit and SOFC Module	169
	7.7 Concluding Remarks	173
	References	174
	Current International Initiatives for Sustainable Nuclear Energy	176
	8.1 Current Status of Nuclear Fission Energy Generation	176
	8.2 Generation IV ( Revolutionary”) Nuclear Power Plants	181
	8.3 The Euratom Coordination Action Sustainable Nuclear Fission Technology Platform ( Snf- Tp)”, Coordinated by CEA	185
	8.4 Conclusions	191
	References	192
	Safety in Nuclear Power: A Proposal	194
	9.1 Introduction	194
	9.2 Design Objectives	196
	9.3 Reactor Description	196
	9.4 Main Innovative Safety Systems	198
	9.5 New Approach to Construction	202
	9.6 Containment Building	203
	9.7 Plant Simplification	204
	9.8 Conclusions	209
	References	210
	CO2 Emissions Mitigation from Power Generation Using Capture Technologies	211
	10.1 Introduction	211
	10.2 Flue Gas De-Carbonisation	213
	10.3 Fuel Gas De-Carbonisation	215
	10.4 Oxy-Fuel Combustion	216
	10.5 Costs of Capture for the Different Options	217
	10.6 Conclusions	219
	References	219
	Clean and Efficient Coal Technology Integrated with CO2 Sequestration and Hydrogen Energy Systems	222
	11.1 Introduction	222
	11.2 Viewpoint of Energy and Environmental Countermeasures	223
	11.3 CO2 Recovery and Sequestration Technologies	224
	11.4 Significance of Introducing Hydrogen Energy and Prospects for Technology Development	230
	11.5 Enhancement of Energy Quality Using Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier	235
	11.6 System Integration of Coal, Hydrogen and CO2 Sequestration	237
	11.7 Concluding Remarks	239
	References	239
	Advanced Steam Generator Concepts for Oxy- Fuel Processes	241
	12.1 Introduction	241
	12.2 Classification of CO2 Capture Technologies	242
	12.3 Oxy-Fuel Processes	243
	12.4 Oxy-Fuel Steam Generator Concepts	244
	12.5 Prospect	249
	References	249
	Part II Initiatives in South-East Europe	251
	CO2 Mitigation Options for Retrofitting Greek Low-Quality Coal-Fired Power Plants	252
	13.1 Introduction	252
	13.2 Characteristics of the Existing Thermal Power Plants in Enlarged EU	253
	13.3 Greek Lignite-Fired Power Plants	253
	13.4 Retrofit of a Typical Greek Lignite-Fired Power Plant with CO2 Sequestration	254
	13.5 Assessment of Electricity Production Cost for Various Technological Options	258
	13.6 Conclusions	260
	References	262
	Renewable Energy Sources in Slovenia: Facts and Plans	264
	14.1 Introduction	264
	14.2 RES in Primary Energy Balance	266
	14.3 Electricity from RES	266
	14.4 Biofuels	268
	14.5 RES Heating and Cooling	270
	14.6 Conclusion	271
	Acknowledgement	272
	References	272
	EnergyWood Chains in Bulgaria	273
	15.1 Introduction	273
	15.2 Energy Wood Production Chains	274
	15.3 Wood Production Chains	281
	15.4 Production of Pellets and Briquettes	289
	15.5 Biomass Present Utilisation	291
	15.6 Conclusion	292
	References	292
	Energy Efficiency in Serbia: Research and Development Activities	293
	16.1 Present Status of Energy Sector in Serbia	293
	16.2 Energy Efficiency – Specific Energy Consumption in Serbia	298
	16.3 National Energy Efficiency Programme	302
	16.4 Activity of the NEEP in the Period 2002–2005	308
	16.5 Conclusions	312
	References	313
	Energy Sector in Macedonia: Current Status and Plans	314
	17.1 Background	314
	17.2 Energy Supply	316
	17.3 National Energy Resources and Perspectives on Its Utilisation	319
	17.4 Indicators for Energy Consumption and Energy Balance in Macedonia [ 16]	328
	17.5 Background of the National Energy Policy, Legislation and Programmes	329
	17.6 Conclusions	330
	References	331
	Energy Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Current Status and Plans	332
	18.1 Introduction	332
	18.2 Status of the Energy Sector	333
	18.3 Energy Infrastructure, Production and Consumption	334
	18.4 Plans for Electricity Generation, Future Network Interconnections, Gas and Oil Exchanges	337
	18.5 Conclusions	340
	Index	341