Acknowledgements	6
	Introduction	7
	Contents	9
	1 Plan and Context of the Study	13
	1.1 Background	13
	1.2 Plan of the Study and Methodology	14
	1.3 Origins and Rationale for Peer-Led Team Learning	16
	1.4 PLTL in the Context of Reform Initiatives	18
	2 Development and Implementation of Peer-Led Team Learning	21
	2.1 Peer-Led Team Learning as a Program	21
	2.2 Evaluation Priorities	24
	2.3 Students and Student Leader Experiences: Qualitative Data	25
	2.4 Academic Performance: Quantitative Data	28
	2.5 Evaluation Data: Fidelity to the Model	34
	2.6 Workshops from the Leaders’ Perspective	37
	2.7 Summary	39
	3 Dissemination Strategies	40
	3.1 Dissemination Model	41
	3.2 Using Diffusion Practices to Improve Education	45
	3.3 Attributes of Innovations	49
	3.4 Additional Issues in Dissemination	50
	3.5 PLTL Leadership and Coordination	54
	4 Adopting and Adapting PLTL: Successes and Limits	55
	4.1 Workshop Project Associate (WPA) Mini-Grants: Scope of the Program	55
	4.2 Experiences of WPA Grant Recipients and Other Early Adopters	61
	4.3 Summary	68
	5 Indicators of Institutionalization	69
	5.1 Experiences of Other Initiatives	69
	5.2 Administrators’ Views About Institutionalization	72
	5.3 Indicators of Institutionalization	75
	5.4 Case Studies: Sustainability Issues	76
	5.5 Online Survey on Implementation, Dissemination, and Institutionalization	81
	5.6 Summary	85
	6 Study of Former Workshop Leaders	86
	6.1 Pilot Study of Former Leaders	86
	6.2 National Survey of Former Workshop Leaders	87
	6.3 Connections with Previous Studies	95
	7 Impact on Minority Students and Women	96
	7.1 Academic Needs of Under-Represented Minority Students and PLTL	96
	7.2 Women and PLTL	102
	7.3 Summary	104
	8 PLTL and the Goals of Higher Education	105
	8.1 College as Preparation for Careers	105
	8.2 Changes in Teaching and Learning	107
	8.3 Faculty-Student Partnerships in Teaching and Learning	108
	8.4 Conclusions	110
	9 Issues in Implementation, Dissemination and Institutionalization	111
	9.1 Issues in Implementation	111
	9.2 Findings About Dissemination	116
	9.3 Issues Regarding Institutionalization	119
	9.4 Summary	120
	10 Evaluation Strategies	122
	10.1 Program Implementation	122
	10.2 Student Experiences with PLTL	126
	10.3 Focus Groups Findings	127
	10.4 Student Academic Performance	132
	10.5 Program Monitoring and Small Grants	133
	10.6 Faculty Response to the Program	138
	10.7 Administrative Response	140
	10.8 Former Leaders Response	140
	10.9 Dissemination	141
	10.10 Institutionalization	142
	A National Science Foundation Support	144
	B List of PLTL Mini-Grant Recipients: Workshop Project Associates	145
	Bibliography	147
	Index	154