Foreword	5
	Preface	7
	Contents	9
	Contributors	11
	1 Eutrophication and Climate Change: Present Situation and Future Scenarios	14
	1.1 Preamble	14
	1.2 The Wax and Wane of Lake and River Eutrophication	15
	1.3 Evidence of Climate Change -- Does It Matter?	19
	1.4 What Do We Know About Climate Impacts on Inland Waters?	20
	1.5 Consequences of Climate Change for Inland Waters -- Future Scenarios	22
	1.6 Concerns, Adaptation and Mitigation	25
	1.7 Epilogue	26
	References	26
	2 Controlling Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat	30
	2.1 Background and Aim of the Work	30
	2.2 Basic Information	33
	2.2.1 Morphometric Data and Criteria for the Vertical Layers	35
	2.2.2 Sediments and Bottom Dynamic Conditions	42
	2.2.3 Trends and Variations in Water Variables	43
	2.2.4 The Dilemma Related to Predictions of Cyanobacteria	47
	2.2.5 The Reasons Why This Modeling Is Not Based on Dissolved Nitrogen or Phosphorus	48
	2.2.6 The Reasons Why It Is Generally Difficult to Model Nitrogen	50
	2.2.7 Comments and Conclusions	50
	2.3 Water, SPM, Nutrient, and Bioindicator Modeling	51
	2.3.1 Background on Mass Balances for Salt and the Role of Salinity	51
	2.3.2 Water Fluxes	54
	2.3.3 Mass Balances	56
	2.3.3.1 Phosphorus Dynamics	56
	2.3.4 SPM Dynamics	59
	2.3.5 Nitrogen Fluxes	62
	2.3.6 Predicting Chlorophyll-a Concentrations	64
	2.3.7 Predicting Water Clarity and Secchi Depth	66
	2.3.8 Conclusions	67
	2.4 Management Scenarios	68
	2.4.1 Reductions in Tributary Phosphorus Loading to the Baltic Sea	69
	2.4.2 Reductions in Tributary Phosphorus Loading to the Kattegat from Sweden	71
	2.4.3 Reductions in Tributary Nitrogen Loading to the Kattegat from Sweden	71
	2.4.4 An ''Optimal'' Management to Reduce the Eutrophication in the Kattegat	71
	2.4.5 Effective and Cost-Effective Nutrient Reductions	73
	2.4.6 Comments and Conclusions	75
	2.5 Summary and Recommendations	76
	References	78
	3 Eutrophication Processes in Arid Climates	81
	3.1 Introduction	81
	3.1.1 Eutrophication Process	81
	3.1.1.1 Natural Eutrophication	82
	3.1.1.2 Eutrophication by Human Activities	82
	3.1.2 Eutrophication Classification	82
	3.1.2.1 Oligotrophic	82
	3.1.2.2 Mesotrophic	82
	3.1.2.3 Eutrophic	82
	3.1.2.4 Dystrophic	82
	3.1.3 Causes of Eutrophication and Supporting Factors	82
	3.1.3.1 Nutrients	83
	3.1.3.2 Availability of Nutrients	83
	3.1.3.3 Factors Supporting the Development of Eutrophication	84
	3.1.3.4 Sources of Nutrients	84
	3.1.4 Effects of Eutrophication	84
	3.1.5 Trihalomethanes	86
	3.1.5.1 Disinfection	86
	3.1.5.2 Natural Organic Matter (NOM)	87
	3.1.5.3 Trihalomethanes	87
	3.1.5.4 THM Formation Potential	88
	3.1.6 Control of Disinfection By-product	88
	3.1.6.1 Organic Precursor Removal	88
	3.1.7 King Abdullah Canal (KAC): A Case Study	91
	3.1.7.1 Introduction	91
	3.1.7.2 The Study Area	92
	3.1.7.3 Results	93
	3.1.8 Conclusions	101
	References	101
	4 Eutrophication and Restoration of Shallow Lakes from a Cold Temperate to a Warm Mediterranean and a (Sub)Tropical Climate	103
	4.1 Shallow Lakes	103
	4.2 North Temperate "Cold Shallow Lakes"	104
	4.2.1 Alternative Stable States	104
	4.2.2 Role of Vegetation	106
	4.2.3 Eutrophication	107
	4.3 Shallow Lakes in Different Climatic Regions	107
	4.3.1 Functioning and Eutrophication of Mediterranean Shallow Lakes	108
	4.3.2 Functioning and Eutrophication of Subtropical and Tropical shallow Lakes	110
	4.3.3 Role of Vegetation in Mediterranean and (Sub)Tropical Shallow Lakes	112
	4.4 Restoration of Eutrophicated Cold and Warm Shallow Lakes	112
	4.4.1 Biological Methods	113
	4.4.1.1 Fish Manipulation	113
	4.4.1.2 Protection of Submerged Plants and Transplantation	115
	4.4.1.3 Combating Nuisance Plant Growth	115
	4.4.2 Physico-Chemical Methods	115
	4.5 Climate Change Gives Future Challenges	116
	References	117
	5 Trophic State and Water Quality in the Danube Floodplain Lake (Kopacki Rit Nature Park, Croatia) in Relation to Hydrological Connectivity	121
	5.1 Introduction	121
	5.2 Study Area	122
	5.3 Sediment Biota (Research Review 1997--2002)	122
	5.4 Hydrological Regime (2002--2005)	124
	5.5 Water Quality Parameters	127
	5.5.1 Phytoplankton Chlorophyll	128
	5.5.2 Bacterial Abundance	128
	5.6 Primary Productivity	129
	5.7 Trophic State in Relation to Hydrological Connectivity	129
	5.8 Nutrient Enrichment Bioassay	131
	5.9 Weed-Bed Invertebrates Characterize Trophic State	134
	5.10 Occurrence of Invasive Invertebrates	136
	5.11 Conclusion Remarks and the Basis for Future Research	137
	References	138
	6 Mediterranean Climate and Eutrophication of Reservoirs: Limnological Skills to Improve Management	142
	6.1 Introduction	142
	6.2 Effects of the Mediterranean Climate and Insularity on Eutrophication Patterns in Sicily	144
	6.2.1 Top-Down Effects Caused by Water-Level Fluctuations	144
	6.2.2 Bottom-Up Effects Caused by Water-Level Fluctuations	145
	6.3 Phosphorus Loadings in Sicilian Reservoirs	148
	6.4 Consequences of Eutrophication on Public Health	148
	6.5 Eco-friendly Procedures to Control Eutrophication and Their Effectiveness	150
	6.6 Conclusion	151
	References	151
	7 Eutrophication: Threat to Aquatic Ecosystems	154
	7.1 Water	154
	7.2 Eutrophication	155
	7.3 Eutrophication: A Global Scenario	156
	7.4 Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems	159
	7.5 Eutrophication and Aquatic Environment	161
	7.6 Eutrophication and Aquatic Biodiversity	163
	7.7 Eutrophication in Wetland Ecosystems	167
	7.8 Biological Monitoring and Impact Assessment	169
	7.9 Biological Restoration of Eutrophic Waters	173
	7.10 Engineered and Technological Correctives	174
	References	176
	8 Eutrophication Problem in Egypt	182
	8.1 Introduction	182
	8.2 Abu Qir Bay	185
	8.3 Eastern Harbour	189
	8.4 Western Harbour	193
	8.5 Dekhaila Harbour	196
	8.6 Mex Bay	199
	8.7 Conclusions	201
	References	201
	9 Freshwater Wetland Eutrophication	206
	9.1 Introduction	206
	9.2 The Wetland Hydroperiod and Nutrient Transformations	207
	9.2.1 Biogeochemical Transformations in Wetlands Under Anaerobic Conditions	208
	9.2.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Wetlands	209
	9.3 Main Nutrient Sources to Wetlands: External Load vs. Internal Load	211
	9.4 Biogeochemical Responses of Wetlands to Nutrient Enrichment	212
	9.5 The Biological Effects of Wetland Eutrophication: Community Structure, Alternative Stable States, and Trophic Cascades	214
	9.6 Biomanipulation of Wetlands as a Tool for Eutrophication Mitigation	215
	9.7 Conclusion	218
	References	218
	10 Effects of Contamination by Heavy Metals and Eutrophication on Zooplankton, and Their Possible Effects on the Trophic Webs of Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystems	222
	10.1 Introduction	222
	10.2 Methodology	223
	10.3 Results	225
	10.3.1 Environmental Context	225
	10.3.2 Zooplankton Structure	228
	10.3.2.1 Abundance	228
	10.3.2.2 Biomass	229
	10.3.2.3 Species Richness and Species Diversity	229
	10.4 Discussion	230
	10.4.1 Integrating Possible Effects of Eutrophication and Heavy Metal Contamination on the Trophic Webs of Freshwater Ecosystems	231
	10.5 Summary	233
	References	233
	11 Impact of Eutrophication on the Seagrass Assemblages of the Mondego Estuary (Portugal)	235
	11.1 Introduction	235
	11.2 Case Study: The Mondego Estuary	236
	11.2.1 Anthropogenic Pressures	237
	11.2.2 Eutrophication in the South Arm	237
	11.2.3 Management Measures to Control Eutrophication	237
	11.3 Materials and Methods	237
	11.3.1 Sampling Programme and Laboratory Procedures	237
	11.3.2 Macrobenthic Feeding Guild Assignments	238
	11.3.3 Secondary Production	238
	11.4 Results	238
	11.4.1 Climate	238
	11.4.2 Nutrient Dynamics	239
	11.4.3 Primary Producers	239
	11.4.4 Macrofauna Community General Trends	240
	11.4.4.1 Changes in Diversity	240
	11.4.4.2 Changes in Density, Biomass and Production	241
	11.4.4.3 Feeding Guilds Relative Composition	243
	11.4.5 Species-Specific Responses	245
	11.4.5.1 Hydrobia ulvae (Gastropoda)	245
	11.4.5.2 Cyathura carinata (Isopoda)	245
	11.4.5.3 Scrobicularia plana (Bivalvia)	246
	11.4.5.4 Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta)	247
	11.4.5.5 Alkmaria romijni and Capitella capitata (Polychaeta)	247
	11.5 Discussion	248
	11.5.1 Eutrophication Effects	248
	11.5.1.1 Macroalgal Bloom Dynamics in the Eutrophic Area	250
	11.5.2 Differences Between Sites	253
	11.5.3 Pre-mitigation versus Post-mitigation Periods	253
	11.5.4 Evaluation of the Ecosystem Recovery	254
	References	255
	12 Aquatic Plant Diversity in Eutrophic Ecosystems	257
	12.1 Introduction	257
	12.2 Plant Diversity: Eutrophic Ecosystems	259
	12.2.1 Phytoplankton Diversity	260
	12.2.2 Macrophyte Diversity	260
	12.2.3 Wetland Diversity	261
	12.3 Plant Diversity: Nutrient Limitations	262
	12.4 Plant Diversity: Environmental Factors	262
	12.5 Plant Diversity: Succession Pathways	263
	12.6 Plant Diversity: Assessment and Monitoring	264
	12.7 Plant Diversity: Indicator of Eutrophication	264
	12.8 Plant Diversity: Measurements	265
	12.8.1 Frequency	265
	12.8.2 Density	265
	12.8.3 Abundance	266
	12.8.4 Diversity Indices	266
	12.9 Discussion	267
	References	269
	13 Linking Anthropogenic Activities and Eutrophication in Estuaries: The Need of Reliable Indicators	274
	13.1 Introduction	274
	13.1.1 Estuaries and Salt Marshes	275
	13.1.2 Nutrient Loading and Plant Responses	276
	13.1.3 The Selection of Indicators	276
	13.1.4 Scope and Goals	277
	13.2 General Approach	278
	13.2.1 Study Areas	278
	13.2.2 Eutrophication Status: Comparison Between Estuaries	279
	13.2.3 Historical Nutrient History	280
	13.3 Results and Discussion	281
	13.3.1 Eutrophication Status: Comparison Between Estuaries	281
	13.3.1.1 Nitrogen and Carbon Concentrations	281
	13.3.1.2 Plant Aboveground Biomass	283
	13.3.1.3 Nitrogen Stable Isotopes	285
	13.3.2 Historical Nutrient History	285
	13.4 Concluding Remarks	288
	References	288
	14 Successful Restoration of a Shallow Lake: A Case Study Based on Bistable Theory	294
	14.1 Defining the Problem	294
	14.2 The Theory of Stable States -- Reloaded	295
	14.3 The Study Site	296
	14.3.1 What Happened? Causes of Change	296
	14.3.2 How to Restore? The Concept of Remediation	298
	14.4 Conclusions from a Successful Story	301
	References	302
	15 Biomanipulation in Lake 0rungen, Norway: A Tool for Biological Control	304
	15.1 Introduction	305
	15.1.1 Why Lake Biomanipulation?	305
	15.1.2 Increased Piscivory: A Target of Biomanipulation	306
	15.1.3 Prey Fish Behavior: A Role of Piscivory	307
	15.1.4 Effects of Biomanipulation on Pollutants	307
	15.1.4.1 Mercury	307
	15.1.4.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)	307
	15.1.5 Aims and Objectives	308
	15.1.6 Study Area	308
	15.2 Materials and Methods	310
	15.2.1 Exploitation of Large Pike and Its Population Recruitment	310
	15.2.2 Relative Abundance and Habitat Use of Perch and Roach	311
	15.2.3 Diet Analysis	312
	15.2.4 Food Web Analysis Using Stable Isotopes of Nitrogen and Carbon	312
	15.2.5 Total Mercury Concentrations and Its Transfer Patterns	312
	15.2.6 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)	313
	15.3 Results	313
	15.3.1 Recruitment of Pike After Population Manipulation	313
	15.3.2 Relative Abundance and Habitat Use	313
	15.3.3 Diets and Food Web Structure	315
	15.3.4 Hg Concentrations and Biomagnification	315
	15.3.5 Organochlorine Compounds and Their Biomagnification	317
	15.4 Discussion	318
	15.5 Main Conclusions	325
	References	327
	16 Reasons and Control of Eutrophication in New Reservoirs	333
	16.1 Introduction	333
	16.2 Reasons of Eutrophication Occurring in New Built Reservoirs	334
	16.2.1 Natural Factors and the Hydrodynamic Conditions	335
	16.2.2 The Nutrient Concentrations in Reservoirs	336
	16.2.3 The Structure of the Ecosystem in Reservoir	337
	16.3 Water Quality Variation and Eutrophication in New Reservoirs (Take the Three Gorges Reservoir and Laohutan Reservoir as an Illustration)	338
	16.3.1 The Three Gorges Reservoir	338
	16.3.1.1 Changes of Hydrodynamic Character After the Water Storage in the Three Gorges Reservoir	338
	16.3.1.2 The Change of Water Quality in Three Gorges Reservoir Before and After Impounding	338
	16.3.1.3 The Dynamic Variation of the Aquatic Community	339
	16.3.2 The Laohutan Reservoir	340
	16.3.2.1 Assessment of Inflow Water Quality and Soil Before Water Storage	340
	16.3.2.2 Water Quality Variation and Eutrophication Mechanism of Laohutan Reservoir	340
	16.3.2.3 Result and Discussion	344
	16.3.3 Comparison of the Similar Reservoirs	344
	16.3.3.1 Comparison of the New Reservoir with an Old One	344
	16.3.3.2 Comparison of Two New Reservoirs	345
	16.4 Control Methods of Eutrophication	345
	16.4.1 Reducing the Importing Nutrients	345
	16.4.1.1 Industrial Pollution Control	345
	16.4.1.2 Agricultural Pollution Control	345
	16.4.1.3 Domestic Pollution Control	346
	16.4.2 Endogenous Nutrients Control	346
	16.4.2.1 Biological Measures	346
	16.4.2.2 Engineering Measures	346
	16.4.3 Construction of a Stable Ecosystem	346
	16.4.4 Ecological Scheduling of Reservoir	347
	16.4.5 Water Quality Monitoring	347
	References	347
	17 Plant Nutrient Phytoremediation Using Duckweed	349
	17.1 Introduction and Background of Duckweed	349
	17.2 Duckweed for Phytoremediation of Contaminated Waters	351
	17.2.1 As an Alternative Means of Wastewater Treatment	351
	17.2.2 As a Means of Removing Heavy Metals and Other Toxic Elements in Waters	353
	17.2.3 As a Means of Removing Toxic Organic Compounds from Wastewater	354
	17.3 Duckweeds Other Practical Application	354
	17.3.1 As a Source of Livestock Feed	354
	17.3.2 As an Inexpensive and Accurate Way of Toxicity Testing	356
	17.3.3 Miscellaneous Uses	356
	17.4 Summary	357
	References	358
	18 Nitrogen Removal from Eutrophicated Water by Aquatic Plants	363
	18.1 Introduction	363
	18.2 Sources of N in Natural Aquatic Ecosystems	364
	18.3 N Uptake by Aquatic Plants	365
	18.3.1 NO3-- Uptake	365
	18.3.2 NH4+ Uptake	365
	18.3.3 NHx Toxicity	367
	18.3.4 Aquatic Plants Preferences in Taking up NO3-- or NH4+	368
	18.3.5 Root Versus Shoot N Uptake	369
	18.4 Aquatic Plants and N Removal Efficiency in Eutrophic Aquatic Ecosystems	370
	18.4.1 Contribution of Aquatic Plants to N Removal	370
	18.4.1.1 Temperature Effect	370
	18.4.1.2 Light Effect	373
	18.4.1.3 Seasonality	373
	18.4.1.4 N Loading	373
	18.4.1.5 pH Effect	373
	18.4.1.6 Hydraulic and Organic Loading and Retention Time	374
	18.4.1.7 Best/Worst Performers Among Plant Species	374
	18.4.1.8 Effect of Other Nutrient on Capacity of Aquatic Plants to Remove N	375
	18.4.2 Aquatic Plants Improvement of the Eutrophic Aquatic Ecosystems	375
	18.5 Conclusions	376
	References	376
	19 Accelerated Eutrophication in the Mekong River Watershed: Hydropower Development, Climate Change, and Waterborne Disease	381
	19.1 Introduction: A Brief History of Dam Building in Southeast Asia	381
	19.1.1 The Nexus of Hydropower Development, Climate Change, Accelerated Eutrophication, and waterborne disease	382
	19.2 Mekong River Habitat Ecology -- Benchmark Studies of Pre-impoundment Conditions	383
	19.2.1 Study Areas	383
	19.2.1.1 Threats to Biological Water Quality -- Cyanotoxins and Schistosomiasis	385
	19.2.2 Hydropower Projects, Accelerated Eutrophication, Water Quality, and Waterborne Disease Transmission	385
	19.2.2.1 General Habitat Dynamics	385
	19.3 Using the Benchmark Studies to Predict Accelerated Eutrophication Impacts from Dam Impoundments	391
	19.4 Summary	393
	References	393
	Index	395