Front Cover	1
	Descriptive Physical Oceanography:An Introduction	4
	Copyright	5
	Contents	6
	Preface	8
	Chapter 1 -Introduction to Descriptive Physical Oceanography	10
	1.1 -Overview	11
	1.2 -Space and TimeScales of Physical Oceanographic Phenomena	12
	Chapter 2 -Ocean Dimensions, Shapes, and Bottom Materials	16
	2.1 -Dimensions	16
	2.2 -Plate Tectonics and Deep-Sea Topography	18
	2.3 -Seafloor Features	23
	2.4 -Spatial Scales	23
	2.5 -Shore, Coast, and Beach	24
	2.6 -Continental Shelf, Slope, and Rise	26
	2.7 -Deep Ocean	26
	2.8 -Sills, Straits, and Passages	28
	2.9 -Methods for Mapping Bottom Topography	28
	2.10 -Bottom Material	29
	2.11 -Ocean Basins	30
	Chapter 3 -Physical Properties of Seawater	38
	3.1 -Molecular Properties of Water	38
	3.2 -Pressure	39
	3.3 -Thermal Properties of Seawater: Temperature, Heat, and Potential Temperature	41
	3.4 -Salinity and Conductivity	43
	3.5 -Density of Seawater	46
	3.6 -Tracers	55
	3.7 -Sound in the Sea	58
	3.8 -Light and the Sea	63
	3.9 -Ice in the Sea	69
	Chapter 4 -Typical Distributions of Water Characteristics	76
	4.1 -Introduction	76
	4.2 -Temperature Distribution of the Oceans	78
	4.3 -Salinity Distribution	92
	4.4 -Density Distribution	101
	4.5 -Dissolved Oxygen	107
	4.6 -Nutrients and Other Tracers	108
	4.7 -Age, Turnover Time, and Ventilation Rate	111
	4.8 -Optical Properties of Seawater	115
	Chapter 5 -Mass, Salt, and Heat Budgets and Wind Forcing	120
	5.1 -Conservation of Volume and Mass	120
	5.2 -Conservation of Salt	124
	5.3 -Three Examples of the two Conservation Principles	126
	5.4 -Conservation of Heat Energy	130
	5.5 -Geographic Distribution and Temporal Variation of the Heat-Budget Terms	142
	5.6 -Meridional Heat Transport	147
	5.7 -Buoyancy Fluxes	149
	5.8 -Wind Forcing	151
	Chapter 6 -Data Analysis Concepts and Observational Methods	156
	6.1 -Oceanographic Sampling	158
	6.2 -Observational Error	159
	6.3 -Basic Statistical Concepts	160
	6.4 -Variation in Space: Profiles, Vertical Sections, and Horizontal Maps	169
	6.5 -Variation in Time	174
	6.6 -Multidimensional Sampling	182
	6.7 -Water Property (Water Mass) Analyses	188
	Glossary	194
	Chapter 7 -Dynamical Processes for Descriptive Ocean Circulation	196
	7.1 -Introduction: Mechanisms	196
	7.2 -Momentum Balance	197
	7.3 -Temperature, Salinity, and Density Evolution	201
	7.4 -Mixing Layers	203
	7.5 -Response to Wind Forcing	205
	7.6 -Geostrophic Balance	209
	7.7 -Vorticity, Potential Vorticity, Rossby and Kelvin Waves, and Instabilities	216
	7.8 -Wind-Driven Circulation: Sverdrup Balance and Western Boundary Currents	220
	7.9 -Wind-Driven Circulation: Eastern Boundary Currents and Equatorial Circulation	225
	7.10 -Buoyancy (Thermohaline) Forcing and Abyssal Circulation	227
	Chapter 8 -Gravity Waves, Tides, and Coastal Oceanography	232
	8.1 -Introduction	232
	8.2 -General Properties of Waves	232
	8.3 -Surface Gravity Waves	233
	8.4 -Internal Gravity Waves	241
	8.5 -Large-Scale Continental Shelf and Coastal-Trapped Waves	246
	8.6 -Tides	246
	8.7 -Water Properties in Coastal Regions: River Runoff	252
	8.8 -Estuaries	252
	8.9 -Coral Reefs	253
	8.10 -Adjacent Seas	253
	Chapter 9 -Atlantic Ocean	254
	9.1 -Introduction and Overview	254
	9.2 -Forcing	258
	9.3 -North Atlantic Circulation	259
	9.4 -Tropical Atlantic Circulation	272
	9.5 -South Atlantic Circulation	277
	9.6 -Depth Dependence of the Atlantic Ocean Circulation	282
	9.7 -Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Atlantic	289
	9.8 -Atlantic Ocean Water Masses	290
	9.9 -Climate and the Atlantic Ocean	310
	Chapter 10 -Pacific Ocean	312
	10.1 -Introduction and Overview	312
	10.2 -Wind and Buoyancy Forcing	315
	10.3 -North Pacific Circulation	316
	10.4 -South Pacific Circulation	331
	10.5 -Pacific Ocean Mesoscale Eddy Variability	336
	10.6 -Depth Dependence of the Pacific Ocean Circulation and Meridional Overturn	337
	10.7 -Tropical Pacific Circulation and Water Properties	341
	10.8 -El Niño/ La Niña and The Southern Oscillation (ENSO)	355
	10.9 -Pacific Ocean Water Masses	359
	10.10 -Decadal Climate Variability and Climate Change	371
	Chapter 11 -Indian Ocean	372
	11.1 -Introduction and Overview	372
	11.2 -Wind and Buoyancy Forcing	374
	11.3 -Monsoonal and Tropical Ocean Circulation	376
	11.4 -South Indian Ocean Subtropical Circulation	379
	11.5 -Indonesian Throughflow	388
	11.6 -Red Sea and Persian Gulf Outflows	390
	11.7 -Intermediate and Deep Circulation	393
	11.8 -Water Masses	396
	11.9 -Climate and the Indian Ocean	408
	Chapter 12 -Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas	410
	12.1 -Introduction	410
	12.2 -The Nordic Seas	411
	12.3 -Baffin Bay and Hudson Bay	419
	12.4 -Arctic Ocean: Circulation and Ice Drift	421
	12.5 -Arctic Ocean Water Masses	426
	12.6 -Arctic Ocean Transports and Budgets	437
	12.7 -Sea Ice in the Arctic	439
	12.8 -Climate Variations and the Arctic	444
	Chapter 13 -Southern Ocean	446
	13.1 -Introduction	446
	13.2 -Forcing	448
	13.3 -Southern Ocean Fronts and Zones	450
	13.4 -Southern Ocean Circulation and Transports	458
	13.5 -Southern Ocean Water Masses	464
	13.6 -Eddies in the Southern Ocean	475
	13.7 -Sea Ice in the Southern Ocean	477
	13.8 -Climate Variability in the Southern Ocean	479
	Chapter 14 -Global Circulation and Water Properties	482
	14.1 -Global Circulation	483
	14.2 -Global Mass Transports and Overturning Circulation	489
	14.3 -Heat and Freshwater Transports and Ocean Circulation	500
	14.4 -Global Property Distributions	503
	14.5 -Eddy Variability and Diffusivity	510
	14.6 -Climate and the Global Ocean	519
	References	522
	Index	554
	Color Plates	566