Front cover	1
	Radioactivity in the Terrestrial Environment	4
	Copyright page	5
	Contents	6
	Chapter 1. Introduction	8
	1. Radionuclides in the environment	8
	2. Sources and attributes of radionuclides	12
	3. The aims and methods of radioecology	19
	4. Key topics in terrestrial radioecology	21
	References	22
	Chapter 2. Behaviour of radionuclides in soil/crop systems following contamination	26
	1. Introduction	26
	2.Physical and chemical behaviour of relevant radionuclides in arable soils	27
	3. Physiological aspects of crop root-uptake and translocation of radionuclides in arable systems	31
	4. Quantification of soil-plant transfer	33
	5. Overall mass/activity balances of radionuclides in arable systems	39
	6. Possible countermeasures	41
	7. Conclusions	45
	Acknowledgements	45
	References	46
	Chapter 3. Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with radionuclides	50
	1. Phytoremediation-a 21st century challenge for radioecology	50
	2. A phytoremediation perspective on the biogeochemistry of radionuclides	52
	3. Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with radionuclides	56
	4. Assessing the feasibility of phytoremediation of radionuclides using a simple model	60
	5. The future of phytoremediation for radionuclides	65
	6. Conclusions and prospects	70
	References	72
	Chapter 4. Transfer of radionuclides in animal production systems	78
	1. Introduction	78
	2. Animal production systems	79
	3. Transfer of radionuclides to animals	84
	4. Quantification of the transfer of radionuclides in animal products	88
	5. Countermeasures	95
	6. Concluding remarks	100
	References	100
	Chapter 5. Radionuclides in grassland, heath, mire and mountain ecosystems	104
	1. Introduction	104
	2. Global distribution of fallout and affected ecosystems	105
	3. The material cycles in ecosystems	106
	4. The importance of soil properties for bioavailability	108
	5. Time-dependent changes in bioavailability	110
	6. Partitioning and fluxes of radionuclides	112
	7. Seasonality	118
	8. Plant species differences	120
	9. The influence of management	123
	10. Conclusions	125
	List of plant species mentioned	126
	References	127
	Chapter 6. Radionuclides in forest ecosystems	134
	1. Forests as receptors of atmospheric pollutants	134
	2. Relevant time scales	135
	3. Pathways and processes within forests	136
	4. Radionuclides in forests after Chernobyl	139
	5. Strontium in forests	152
	6. Plutonium in forests	152
	7. Technetium in forests	154
	8. Iodine and chlorine in forests	154
	9. Radiation exposures associated with forest products	156
	10. Conclusions	159
	References	159
	Chapter 7. Radioecology of terrestrial arctic ecosystems	164
	1. Introduction	164
	2. The arctic terrestrial environment	165
	3. Radionuclides in arctic terrestrial ecosystems	169
	4. Arctic specific processes	178
	5. Conclusions	180
	References	180
	Chapter 8. The distribution and transport of radionuclides in dryland ecosystems	184
	1. Introduction	184
	2. Characteristics of dryland ecosystems	184
	3. Sources of radionuclides in dryland environments	186
	4. Radioecology in dryland ecosystems	188
	5. Radionuclide distribution in arid ecosystems	188
	6. Conclusions	195
	References	195
	Chapter 9. Radionuclides in tropical and subtropical ecosystems	200
	1. Introduction	200
	2. Input of fallout radionuclides in tropical areas and critical foods for human intake of radionuclides	201
	3. Soil-to-crop transfers of radionuclides in (sub-)tropical areas	203
	4. Paddy field ecosystems	206
	5. Radioecology of the Marshall Islands	212
	6. Conclusions	214
	Acknowledgements	214
	References	215
	Chapter 10. Naturally occurring radionuclides from industrial sources: characteristics and fate in the environment	218
	1. Introduction	218
	2. Geochemical behavior of naturally occurring radionuclides in the lithosphere	219
	3. Form, fate and transport of radionuclides in the biosphere	220
	4. Bioavailability	222
	5. Oil and natural gas production and processing	223
	6. Phosphate fertilizer and elemental phosphorus production	227
	7. Water and wastewater treatment residuals	230
	8. Coal mining and combustion	232
	9. Mineral sands	234
	10. Site reclamation	235
	11. Assessing radionuclide partitioning in TENORM disposal environments	236
	References	239
	Chapter 11. Protection of the environment from exposure to ionising radiation	246
	1. Introduction	246
	2. The current conceptual basis for protection of the environment from ionising radiation	247
	3. State of the art at the end of the 20th century	248
	4. Developments at the national level	249
	5. Developments at the international level	254
	6. Example of the Environment Agency assessment approach in England and Wales	260
	7. The Tees estuary assessment-a case study	266
	8. Conclusions-significance for regulators and operators	268
	Acknowledgements	269
	References	269
	Chapter 12. Concluding remarks	272
	References	273
	Author Index	276
	Keyword Index	302