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Front Cover |
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Forest Management and Planning |
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Copyright Page |
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Dedication Page |
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Contents |
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Preface |
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Chapter 1: Management of Forests and Other Natural Resources |
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I. Management of Forests and Other Natural Resources |
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II. Challenges Related to the Management of Forests |
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III. Planning for the Management of Natural Resources |
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IV. Characterizing Decision-Making Processes |
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A. The View from the Management Sciences |
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B. A Broad View on Planning within Natural Resource Management Organizations |
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C. A Hierarchy of Planning within Natural Resource Management Organizations |
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D. Community or Cooperative Planning of Forests |
20 |
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E. Adaptive Management and Planning of Forests |
20 |
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V. Challenges Related to Forest Planning |
21 |
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VI. Information Movement within a Typical Natural Resources Management Organization |
21 |
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VII. Summary |
22 |
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References |
23 |
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Chapter 2: Valuing and Characterizing Forest Conditions |
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I. The Need to Evaluate Resources for Natural Resource Planning |
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II. Structural Evaluation of Natural Resources |
27 |
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A. Trees per Unit Area |
27 |
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B. Average Diameter of Trees |
27 |
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C. Diameter Distribution of Trees |
28 |
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D. Basal Area |
28 |
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E. Quadratic Mean Diameter of Trees |
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F. Average Height |
30 |
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G. Timber Volume |
30 |
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H. Mean Annual Increment, Periodic Annual Increment |
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I. Snags |
33 |
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J. Down Woody Debris |
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K. Crown or Canopy Cover |
33 |
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L. Age |
34 |
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M. Biomass and Carbon |
35 |
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N. Pine Straw |
36 |
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O. Other Nontimber Forest Products |
36 |
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P. Site Quality |
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Q. Stocking and Density |
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III. Economic Evaluation of Natural Reasouces |
40 |
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A. Basic Concepts: Present and Future Values |
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B. Net Present Value |
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C. Internal Rate of Return |
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D. Benefit/Cost Ratio |
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E. Equal Annual Equivalent |
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F. Soil Expectation Value |
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G. Other Mixed-Method Economic Assessments |
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H. Selecting Discount Rates |
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I. Forest Taxation |
55 |
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IV. Environmental and Social Evaluation of Natural Resources |
57 |
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A. Habitat Suitability |
57 |
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B. Recreation Values |
57 |
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C. Water Resources |
58 |
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D. Stream Habitat Values |
59 |
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E. Air Quality |
60 |
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F. Employment and Income |
62 |
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V. Summary |
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References |
65 |
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Chapter 3: Geographic Information and Land Classification in Support of Forest Planning |
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I. Geographic Information Systems |
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A. Geographic Data Collection Processes |
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B. Geographic Data Structures |
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C. Geographic Data Used in This Book |
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D. Geographic Information Processes |
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II. Land Classification |
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A. Strata-based Land Classifications |
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B. Land Classification Based on Units of Land |
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C. Land Classification Based on Spatial Position |
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III. Summary |
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References |
84 |
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Chapter 4: Estimation and Projection of Stand and Forest Conditions |
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I. The Growth of Forests |
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A. Growth of Even-Aged Stands |
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B. Growth of Uneven-Aged Stands |
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C. Growth of Two-Aged Stands |
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D. Growth Transition through Time |
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II. Projecting Stand Conditions |
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A. Growth and Yield Tables |
102 |
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B. Growth and Yield Simulators |
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C. Brief Summary of Some Growth and Yield Simulators |
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III. Output from Growth and Yield Models |
110 |
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IV. Model Evaluation |
110 |
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V. Summary |
111 |
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References |
112 |
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Chapter 5: Optimization of Tree- and Stand-Level Objectives |
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I. Optimization |
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II. Tree-level Optimization |
116 |
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III. Stand-level Optimization |
117 |
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A. Optimum Timber Rotation |
118 |
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B. Optimum Thinning Timing |
120 |
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C. Optimum Stand Density or Stocking |
121 |
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IV. Mathematical Models for Optimizing Stand-level Management Regimes |
122 |
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V. Dynamic Programming |
122 |
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A. Recursive Relationships |
124 |
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B. Caveats of Dynamic Programming |
124 |
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C. Disadvantages of Dynamic Programming |
124 |
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D. Dynamic Programming Example-An Evening Out |
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E. Dynamic Programming Example-Western Stand Thinning, Fixed Rotation Length |
127 |
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F. Dynamic Programming Example-Southern Stand Thinning, Varying Rotation Lengths |
129 |
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VI. Summary |
133 |
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References |
134 |
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Chapter 6: Graphical Solution Techniques for Two-Variable Linear Problems |
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I. Translating Forestry and Natural Resource Problems from Word Problems into Mathematical Relationships |
137 |
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II. Example Problems in Natural Resource Management |
138 |
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A. A Road Construction Plan |
138 |
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B. A Plan for Developing Snags to Enhance Wildlife Habitat |
142 |
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C. A Plan for Fish Habitat Development |
144 |
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D. A Hurricane Clean-up Plan |
145 |
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III. Optimality, Feasibility, and Efficiency |
147 |
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IV. Summary |
149 |
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Chapter 7: Linear Programming |
152 |
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I. Introduction |
153 |
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II. Four Assumptions Inherent in Standard Linear Programming Models |
153 |
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A. The Assumption of Proportionality |
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B. The Assumption of Additivity |
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C. The Assumption of Divisibility |
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D. The Assumption of Certainty |
153 |
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III. Objective Functions for Linear Programming Problems |
154 |
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IV. Accounting Rows for Linear Programming Problems |
155 |
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A. Accounting Rows Related to Land Areas Scheduled for Treatment |
156 |
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B. Wood Flow-Related Accounting Rows |
157 |
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C. Habitat-Related Accounting Rows |
158 |
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V. Constraints for Linear Programming Problems |
159 |
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A. Resource Constraints |
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B. Policy Constraints |
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VI. Detached Coefficient Matrix |
162 |
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VII. Model I, II, and III Linear Programming Problems |
163 |
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VIII. Interpretation of Results Generated from Linear Programming Problems |
164 |
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A. Objective Function Value, Variable Values, and Reduced Costs |
165 |
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B. Slack and Duel Prices |
166 |
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IX. Assessing Alternative Management Scenarios |
167 |
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X. Case Study: Western Forest |
168 |
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XI. Summary |
171 |
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References |
173 |
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Chapter 8: Advanced Planning Techniques |
174 |
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I. Extensions to Linear Programming |
174 |
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A. Mixed Integer Programming |
175 |
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B. Integer Programming |
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C. Goal Programming |
178 |
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II. Binary Search |
180 |
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III. Heuristic Methods |
183 |
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A. Monte Carlo Simulation |
185 |
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B. Simulated Annealing |
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C. Threshold Accepting |
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D. Tabu Search |
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E. Genetic Algorithms |
188 |
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F. Other Heuristics |
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IV. Forest Planning Software |
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A. Spectrum |
190 |
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B. Habplan |
190 |
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C. Magis |
191 |
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D. Woodstock/Stanley |
191 |
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V. Summary |
192 |
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References |
194 |
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Chapter 9: Forest and Natural Resource Sustainability |
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I. Sustainability of Forests and Other Natural Resources |
196 |
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II. Sustainability of Production |
198 |
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III. Sustainability of Multiple Uses |
200 |
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IV. Sustainability of Ecosystems and Social Values |
202 |
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V. Incorporating Measures of Sustainability into Forest Plans |
204 |
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VI. Sustainability beyond the Immediate Forest |
206 |
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VII. Summary |
207 |
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References |
208 |
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Chapter 10: Models of Desired Forest Structure |
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I. The Normal Forest |
210 |
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II. The Regulated Forest |
215 |
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III. Irregular Forest Structures |
217 |
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IV. Structures Guided by a Historical Range of Variability |
218 |
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V. Structures Not Easily Classified |
220 |
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VI. Summary |
221 |
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Chapter 11: Control Techniques for Commodity Production and Wildlife Objectives |
224 |
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I. Controlling the Area Scheduled |
225 |
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II. Controlling the Volume Scheduled |
226 |
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A. The Hanzlik Formula for Volume Control |
228 |
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B. The Von Mantel Formula for Volume Control |
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C. The Austrian Formula for Volume Control |
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D. The Hundeshagen Formula for Volume Control |
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E. The Meyer Amortization Method for Volume Control |
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F. The Heyer Method for Volume Control |
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G. Structural Methods for Volume Control |
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III. Application of Area and Volume Control to the Putnam Tract |
237 |
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A. Area Control |
237 |
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B. Volume Control-Hanzlik Formula |
237 |
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C. Volume Control-Von Mantel Formula |
238 |
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D. Volume Control-Austrian Formula |
238 |
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E. Volume Control-Hundeshagen Formula |
238 |
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F. Volume Control-Meyer Formula |
238 |
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IV. Area-Volume Check |
238 |
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V. Wildlife Habitat Control |
239 |
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VI. The Allowable Cut Effect |
240 |
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VII. Summary |
242 |
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References |
244 |
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Chapter 12: Spatial Restrictions and Considerations in Forest Planning |
246 |
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I. Adjacency and Green-up Rules as They Relate to Clearcut Harvesting |
247 |
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II. Adjacency and Green-up of Group-Selection Patch Harvests |
252 |
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III. Habitat Quality Considerations |
253 |
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A. Case 1: Elk Habitat Quality |
254 |
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B. Case 2: Bird Species Habitat Considerations |
254 |
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C. Case 3: Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Considerations |
255 |
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D. Case 4: Spotted Owl Habitat Quality |
257 |
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IV. Road and Trail Maintenance and Construction |
260 |
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A. Case 1: Road Management Problem |
260 |
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B. Case 2: Trail Development Problem |
262 |
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V. Summary |
265 |
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References |
266 |
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Chapter 13: Hierarchical System for Planning and Scheduling Management Activities |
268 |
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I. Strategic Planning |
269 |
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II. Tactical Planning |
269 |
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III. Operational Planning |
270 |
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IV. Vertical Integration of Planning Processes |
271 |
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V. Blended, Combined, and Adaptive Approaches |
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VI. Your Involvement in Forest Planning Processes |
273 |
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VII. Summary |
274 |
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References |
275 |
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Chapter 14: Forest Supply Chain Management |
278 |
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I. Components of a Forestry Supply Chain |
279 |
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II. Association with the Hierarchy of Forest Planning |
282 |
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III. Mathematical Formulations Associated with Forestry Supply Chain Components |
285 |
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IV. Sources of Variation in the Forestry Supply Chain |
288 |
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V. Summary |
289 |
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References |
290 |
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Chapter 15: Forest Certification and Carbon Sequestration |
292 |
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I. Overview of Forest Certification |
293 |
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II. Forest Certification Programs |
296 |
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A. Sustainable Forestry Initiative |
296 |
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B. Forest Stewardship Council |
297 |
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C. American Tree Farm System |
299 |
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D. Green Tag Forestry System |
299 |
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E. Canadian Standards Association |
299 |
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F. International Organization for Standardization, Standard 14001 |
300 |
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G. Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes |
300 |
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III. Cost and Benefits of Forest Certification |
300 |
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IV. Forest Carbon Sequestration |
301 |
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V. Opportunities and Challenges in Increasing Forest Carbon Storage |
302 |
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VI. Emission Trading |
303 |
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VII. Selected U.S. Carbon Reporting and Trading Schemes |
303 |
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VIII. Forest Carbon Implications for Forest Management |
304 |
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IX. Summary |
305 |
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References |
305 |
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Appendix A: Databases Used Throughout Forest Management and Planning |
308 |
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I. A Douglas-Fir Stand from Western Oregon |
308 |
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II. The Lincoln Tract |
317 |
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III. The Putnam Tract |
321 |
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Reference |
324 |
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Appendix B: The Simplex Method for Solving Linear Planning Problems |
326 |
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I. An Overview of the Simplex Method |
326 |
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II. Ten Steps That Represent the Simplex Method |
327 |
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III. A Two-Variable, Two-Constraint Problem Solved with the Simplex Method |
329 |
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References |
333 |
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Appendix C: Writing a Memorandum or Report |
334 |
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I. Memorandums |
334 |
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II. Reports |
335 |
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Index |
338 |
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