Front Cover	1
	Forest Management and Planning	4
	Copyright Page	5
	Dedication Page	11
	Contents	6
	Preface	10
	Chapter 1: Management of Forests and Other Natural Resources	12
	I. Management of Forests and Other Natural Resources	13
	II. Challenges Related to the Management of Forests	13
	III. Planning for the Management of Natural Resources	14
	IV. Characterizing Decision-Making Processes	15
	A. The View from the Management Sciences	16
	B. A Broad View on Planning within Natural Resource Management Organizations	17
	C. A Hierarchy of Planning within Natural Resource Management Organizations	19
	D. Community or Cooperative Planning of Forests	20
	E. Adaptive Management and Planning of Forests	20
	V. Challenges Related to Forest Planning	21
	VI. Information Movement within a Typical Natural Resources Management Organization	21
	VII. Summary	22
	References	23
	Chapter 2: Valuing and Characterizing Forest Conditions	26
	I. The Need to Evaluate Resources for Natural Resource Planning	27
	II. Structural Evaluation of Natural Resources	27
	A. Trees per Unit Area	27
	B. Average Diameter of Trees	27
	C. Diameter Distribution of Trees	28
	D. Basal Area	28
	E. Quadratic Mean Diameter of Trees	29
	F. Average Height	30
	G. Timber Volume	30
	H. Mean Annual Increment, Periodic Annual Increment	31
	I. Snags	33
	J. Down Woody Debris	33
	K. Crown or Canopy Cover	33
	L. Age	34
	M. Biomass and Carbon	35
	N. Pine Straw	36
	O. Other Nontimber Forest Products	36
	P. Site Quality	37
	Q. Stocking and Density	39
	III. Economic Evaluation of Natural Reasouces	40
	A. Basic Concepts: Present and Future Values	41
	B. Net Present Value	49
	C. Internal Rate of Return	50
	D. Benefit/Cost Ratio	50
	E. Equal Annual Equivalent	51
	F. Soil Expectation Value	51
	G. Other Mixed-Method Economic Assessments	53
	H. Selecting Discount Rates	54
	I. Forest Taxation	55
	IV. Environmental and Social Evaluation of Natural Resources	57
	A. Habitat Suitability	57
	B. Recreation Values	57
	C. Water Resources	58
	D. Stream Habitat Values	59
	E. Air Quality	60
	F. Employment and Income	62
	V. Summary	62
	References	65
	Chapter 3: Geographic Information and Land Classification in Support of Forest Planning	68
	I. Geographic Information Systems	69
	A. Geographic Data Collection Processes	69
	B. Geographic Data Structures	71
	C. Geographic Data Used in This Book	73
	D. Geographic Information Processes	74
	II. Land Classification	78
	A. Strata-based Land Classifications	80
	B. Land Classification Based on Units of Land	82
	C. Land Classification Based on Spatial Position	82
	III. Summary	83
	References	84
	Chapter 4: Estimation and Projection of Stand and Forest Conditions	86
	I. The Growth of Forests	87
	A. Growth of Even-Aged Stands	88
	B. Growth of Uneven-Aged Stands	91
	C. Growth of Two-Aged Stands	94
	D. Growth Transition through Time	95
	II. Projecting Stand Conditions	102
	A. Growth and Yield Tables	102
	B. Growth and Yield Simulators	104
	C. Brief Summary of Some Growth and Yield Simulators	107
	III. Output from Growth and Yield Models	110
	IV. Model Evaluation	110
	V. Summary	111
	References	112
	Chapter 5: Optimization of Tree- and Stand-Level Objectives	114
	I. Optimization	115
	II. Tree-level Optimization	116
	III. Stand-level Optimization	117
	A. Optimum Timber Rotation	118
	B. Optimum Thinning Timing	120
	C. Optimum Stand Density or Stocking	121
	IV. Mathematical Models for Optimizing Stand-level Management Regimes	122
	V. Dynamic Programming	122
	A. Recursive Relationships	124
	B. Caveats of Dynamic Programming	124
	C. Disadvantages of Dynamic Programming	124
	D. Dynamic Programming Example-An Evening Out	125
	E. Dynamic Programming Example-Western Stand Thinning, Fixed Rotation Length	127
	F. Dynamic Programming Example-Southern Stand Thinning, Varying Rotation Lengths	129
	VI. Summary	133
	References	134
	Chapter 6: Graphical Solution Techniques for Two-Variable Linear Problems	136
	I. Translating Forestry and Natural Resource Problems from Word Problems into Mathematical Relationships	137
	II. Example Problems in Natural Resource Management	138
	A. A Road Construction Plan	138
	B. A Plan for Developing Snags to Enhance Wildlife Habitat	142
	C. A Plan for Fish Habitat Development	144
	D. A Hurricane Clean-up Plan	145
	III. Optimality, Feasibility, and Efficiency	147
	IV. Summary	149
	Chapter 7: Linear Programming	152
	I. Introduction	153
	II. Four Assumptions Inherent in Standard Linear Programming Models	153
	A. The Assumption of Proportionality	153
	B. The Assumption of Additivity	153
	C. The Assumption of Divisibility	153
	D. The Assumption of Certainty	153
	III. Objective Functions for Linear Programming Problems	154
	IV. Accounting Rows for Linear Programming Problems	155
	A. Accounting Rows Related to Land Areas Scheduled for Treatment	156
	B. Wood Flow-Related Accounting Rows	157
	C. Habitat-Related Accounting Rows	158
	V. Constraints for Linear Programming Problems	159
	A. Resource Constraints	159
	B. Policy Constraints	160
	VI. Detached Coefficient Matrix	162
	VII. Model I, II, and III Linear Programming Problems	163
	VIII. Interpretation of Results Generated from Linear Programming Problems	164
	A. Objective Function Value, Variable Values, and Reduced Costs	165
	B. Slack and Duel Prices	166
	IX. Assessing Alternative Management Scenarios	167
	X. Case Study: Western Forest	168
	XI. Summary	171
	References	173
	Chapter 8: Advanced Planning Techniques	174
	I. Extensions to Linear Programming	174
	A. Mixed Integer Programming	175
	B. Integer Programming	177
	C. Goal Programming	178
	II. Binary Search	180
	III. Heuristic Methods	183
	A. Monte Carlo Simulation	185
	B. Simulated Annealing	186
	C. Threshold Accepting	187
	D. Tabu Search	187
	E. Genetic Algorithms	188
	F. Other Heuristics	189
	IV. Forest Planning Software	190
	A. Spectrum	190
	B. Habplan	190
	C. Magis	191
	D. Woodstock/Stanley	191
	V. Summary	192
	References	194
	Chapter 9: Forest and Natural Resource Sustainability	196
	I. Sustainability of Forests and Other Natural Resources	196
	II. Sustainability of Production	198
	III. Sustainability of Multiple Uses	200
	IV. Sustainability of Ecosystems and Social Values	202
	V. Incorporating Measures of Sustainability into Forest Plans	204
	VI. Sustainability beyond the Immediate Forest	206
	VII. Summary	207
	References	208
	Chapter 10: Models of Desired Forest Structure	210
	I. The Normal Forest	210
	II. The Regulated Forest	215
	III. Irregular Forest Structures	217
	IV. Structures Guided by a Historical Range of Variability	218
	V. Structures Not Easily Classified	220
	VI. Summary	221
	Chapter 11: Control Techniques for Commodity Production and Wildlife Objectives	224
	I. Controlling the Area Scheduled	225
	II. Controlling the Volume Scheduled	226
	A. The Hanzlik Formula for Volume Control	228
	B. The Von Mantel Formula for Volume Control	230
	C. The Austrian Formula for Volume Control	232
	D. The Hundeshagen Formula for Volume Control	234
	E. The Meyer Amortization Method for Volume Control	235
	F. The Heyer Method for Volume Control	236
	G. Structural Methods for Volume Control	237
	III. Application of Area and Volume Control to the Putnam Tract	237
	A. Area Control	237
	B. Volume Control-Hanzlik Formula	237
	C. Volume Control-Von Mantel Formula	238
	D. Volume Control-Austrian Formula	238
	E. Volume Control-Hundeshagen Formula	238
	F. Volume Control-Meyer Formula	238
	IV. Area-Volume Check	238
	V. Wildlife Habitat Control	239
	VI. The Allowable Cut Effect	240
	VII. Summary	242
	References	244
	Chapter 12: Spatial Restrictions and Considerations in Forest Planning	246
	I. Adjacency and Green-up Rules as They Relate to Clearcut Harvesting	247
	II. Adjacency and Green-up of Group-Selection Patch Harvests	252
	III. Habitat Quality Considerations	253
	A. Case 1: Elk Habitat Quality	254
	B. Case 2: Bird Species Habitat Considerations	254
	C. Case 3: Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Considerations	255
	D. Case 4: Spotted Owl Habitat Quality	257
	IV. Road and Trail Maintenance and Construction	260
	A. Case 1: Road Management Problem	260
	B. Case 2: Trail Development Problem	262
	V. Summary	265
	References	266
	Chapter 13: Hierarchical System for Planning and Scheduling Management Activities	268
	I. Strategic Planning	269
	II. Tactical Planning	269
	III. Operational Planning	270
	IV. Vertical Integration of Planning Processes	271
	V. Blended, Combined, and Adaptive Approaches	272
	VI. Your Involvement in Forest Planning Processes	273
	VII. Summary	274
	References	275
	Chapter 14: Forest Supply Chain Management	278
	I. Components of a Forestry Supply Chain	279
	II. Association with the Hierarchy of Forest Planning	282
	III. Mathematical Formulations Associated with Forestry Supply Chain Components	285
	IV. Sources of Variation in the Forestry Supply Chain	288
	V. Summary	289
	References	290
	Chapter 15: Forest Certification and Carbon Sequestration	292
	I. Overview of Forest Certification	293
	II. Forest Certification Programs	296
	A. Sustainable Forestry Initiative	296
	B. Forest Stewardship Council	297
	C. American Tree Farm System	299
	D. Green Tag Forestry System	299
	E. Canadian Standards Association	299
	F. International Organization for Standardization, Standard 14001	300
	G. Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes	300
	III. Cost and Benefits of Forest Certification	300
	IV. Forest Carbon Sequestration	301
	V. Opportunities and Challenges in Increasing Forest Carbon Storage	302
	VI. Emission Trading	303
	VII. Selected U.S. Carbon Reporting and Trading Schemes	303
	VIII. Forest Carbon Implications for Forest Management	304
	IX. Summary	305
	References	305
	Appendix A: Databases Used Throughout Forest Management and Planning	308
	I. A Douglas-Fir Stand from Western Oregon	308
	II. The Lincoln Tract	317
	III. The Putnam Tract	321
	Reference	324
	Appendix B: The Simplex Method for Solving Linear Planning Problems	326
	I. An Overview of the Simplex Method	326
	II. Ten Steps That Represent the Simplex Method	327
	III. A Two-Variable, Two-Constraint Problem Solved with the Simplex Method	329
	References	333
	Appendix C: Writing a Memorandum or Report	334
	I. Memorandums	334
	II. Reports	335
	Index	338