Front cover	1
	Oil Spill Environmental Forensics	4
	Copyright page	5
	Biography	6
	Table of Contents	14
	List of Tables	24
	List of Figures	28
	Preface	48
	Contributors	50
	Chapter 1: Chemical Fingerprinting of Spilled or Discharged Petroleum — Methods and Factors Affecting Petroleum Fingerprints in the Environment	52
	1.1 Introduction	52
	1.2 Methods for Chemical Fingerprinting Petroleum	54
	1.3 Factors Controlling the Chemical Fingerprints of Spilled or Discharged Petroleum	62
	1.4 Summary	94
	References	96
	Chapter 2: Spill Site Investigation in Environmental Forensic Investigations	106
	2.1 Introduction	106
	2.2 Environmental Site Characterization and Reconnaissance Survey	106
	2.3 Site Entry and Safety Issues during the Emergency Response Phase	108
	2.4 Determination of Geographic Boundary and Definition of Different Zones within the Affected Area: 1. Terrestrial Oil Spills	112
	2.5 Determination of Geographic Boundary and Definition of Different Zones within the Affected Area: 2. Marine/Coastal Waterborne Oil Spills	113
	2.6 Collection of Physical, Ecological, and Environmental Data	114
	2.7 Sampling Plan and Design: 1. Spills with Known Source	115
	2.8 Sampling Plan and Design: 2. “Mystery” Spills	117
	2.9 Data Management	118
	2.10 Conclusions	122
	References	122
	Chapter 3: Petroleum Biomarker Fingerprinting for Oil Spill Characterization and Source Identification	124
	3.1 Introduction	124
	3.2 Analytical Methodologies for Petroleum Biomarker Fingerprinting	125
	3.3 Fingerprinting Petroleum Biomarkers	141
	3.4 Effects of Weathering on Biomarker Fingerprinting	181
	3.5 Conclusions	189
	References	191
	Chapter 4: Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles for Source Identification	198
	4.1 Introduction	198
	4.2 Sulfur Compounds in Crude Oil and Petroleum Products	199
	4.3 Influence of Refinery Processes on PASH Patterns	201
	4.4 Stability of Polycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles in the Environment	203
	4.5 Petroleum PASH Analysis Techniques	206
	4.6 Petroleum PASH Markers in Environmental Forensic Investigations	210
	4.7 Conclusions	215
	References	215
	Chapter 5: Oil Spill Source Identification by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC ¥ GC)	220
	5.1 Introduction	220
	5.2 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC • GC)	222
	5.3 Applications of GC • GC to Fingerprint Oil Spills	232
	5.4 Conclusion	252
	Acknowledgments	253
	References	253
	Chapter 6: Application of Stable Isotope Ratios in Spilled Oil Identification	258
	6.1 Introduction	258
	6.2 Isotope Ratios and Their Measurement	258
	6.3 Bulk Isotope Ratios	261
	6.4 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA)	265
	6.5 Weathering	271
	6.6 Other Isotopes	275
	6.7 Conclusions	275
	References	276
	Chapter 7: Emerging CEN Methodology for Oil Spill Identification	280
	7.1 Introduction	281
	7.2 Scope of the CEN Methodology	282
	7.3 Strategy for Identifying Oil Spills	282
	7.4 Tiered Levels of Analysis and Data Treatment	284
	7.5 The CEN Methodology in Practice: A Case Study	302
	7.6 Summary	305
	Acknowledgment	306
	References	306
	Chapter 8: Advantages of Quantitative Chemical Fingerprinting in Oil Spill Source Identification	308
	8.1 Introduction	308
	8.2 Qualitative Fingerprinting Methods	309
	8.3 Quantitative Fingerprinting Methods	314
	8.4 Unraveling Mixed Source Oils Using Quantitative Fingerprinting Data	327
	8.5 Summary	340
	References	341
	Chapter 9: A Multivariate Approach to Oil Hydrocarbon Fingerprinting and Spill Source Identification	344
	9.1 Introduction	344
	9.2 Sample Preparation and Chemical Analysis	348
	9.3 Data Preprocessing	353
	9.4 Multivariate Statistical Data Analysis	359
	9.5 Data Evaluation	365
	9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives	370
	Acknowledgments	372
	References	373
	Chapter 10: Chemical Heterogeneity in Modern Marine Residual Fuel Oils	378
	10.1 Introduction	378
	10.2 Forensic Chemistry Considerations	381
	10.3 General Features of Modern Residual Marine Fuel Oils	383
	10.4 Molecular Variability among Modern Residual Fuel Oils	387
	10.5 Distinguishing Heavy Fuel Oils from Crude Oil	394
	10.6 Conclusion	397
	References	397
	Chapter 11: Biodegradation of Oil Hydrocarbons and Its Implications for Source Identification	400
	11.1 Introduction	400
	11.2 Biochemistry of Petroleum Biodegradation	400
	11.3 Subsurface Biodegradation of Petroleum	408
	11.4 Factors Limiting Biodegradation	413
	11.5 Microbial Ecology of Petroleum Biodegradation	416
	11.6 Conclusions	420
	References	421
	Chapter 12: Identification of Hydrocarbons in Biological Samples for Source Determination	432
	12.1 Introduction	432
	12.2 Determination of the Primary Route of Hydrocarbon Accumulation by Biota	433
	12.3 Catabolic Degradation of Hydrocarbons Accumulated by Biota	438
	12.4 Modes of Toxic Action of Accumulated Hydrocarbons	444
	12.5 Case Study: The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill	447
	12.6 Summary	449
	References	449
	Chapter 13: Trajectory Modeling of Marine Oil Spills	456
	13.1 Introduction	456
	13.2 Forecasting and Hindcasting Oil Spill Movement	457
	13.3 Oil Spill Transport	458
	13.4 Evolution of an Oil Spill	464
	13.5 Conclusions and Challenges	467
	Acknowledgments	467
	References	467
	Chapter 14: Oil Spill Remote Sensing: A Forensic Approach	470
	14.1 Introduction	470
	14.2 Visible Indications of Oil	471
	14.3 Optical Sensors	471
	14.4 Laser Fluorosensors	474
	14.5 Microwave Sensors	477
	14.6 Determination of Slick Thickness	479
	14.7 Acoustic Systems	486
	14.8 Satellite Remote Sensing	486
	14.9 Detection of Oil under Ice	487
	14.10 Real-Time Displays and Printers	489
	14.11 Future Trends	489
	References	490
	Chapter 15: Advances in Forensic Techniques for Petroleum Hydrocarbons: The Exxon Valdez Experience	500
	15.1 Introduction	500
	15.2 Identification of Hydrocarbon Sources in PWS	501
	15.3 Composition of Exxon Valdez Crude and Its Weathering Products	504
	15.4 Resolution of Inputs to the Natural Background	509
	15.5 Hydrocarbon Source Allocations	513
	15.6 Allocation of Anthropogenic Sources of PAH	520
	15.7 Identification of Hydrocarbons in Biological Samples	521
	15.8 Applications of Forensic Methods to Assessments of Oil Bioavailability	528
	15.9 Summary	533
	Acknowledgments	534
	References	534
	Chapter 16: Case Study: Oil Spills in the Strait of Malacca, Malaysia	540
	16.1 Strait of Malacca, Malaysia: Introduction	540
	16.2 Chronic and Acute Oil Spill Events in the Strait	542
	16.3 Methodology	543
	16.4 Analytical Procedure	546
	16.5 Instrumental Analysis	547
	16.6 Establishment and Application of Biomarker Analysis for Source Identification of Oil Pollution Sources in the Strait of Malacca	549
	16.7 Case Study 1: Development of the Analytical Method for Oil Pollution Source Identification Using Biomarkers in the Strait of Malacca	549
	16.8 The Application of Molecular Markers for Source Identification of Tar-Ball Pollution in Malaysia	552
	16.9 Case Study 2: Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rivers and Estuaries in Malaysia	553
	16.10 Conclusions and Future Scenario	553
	References	554
	Chapter 17: Case Study: Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Sources in Guanabara Bay, Brazil	556
	17.1 Guanabara Bay and Hydrocarbon Apportioning	556
	17.2 Methodology for Hydrocarbon Determination and Source Evaluation	558
	17.3 Hydrocarbon Results for Guanabara Bay Sediments	562
	17.4 Conclusions	583
	Acknowledgments	584
	References	585
	Index	588
	Color Plates	606