Cover	1
	Title page	4
	Copyright page	5
	Table of contents	8
	CONTENTS GUIDE	12
	PREFACE	14
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	18
	INTRODUCTION	20
	DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY AND PLANES OF SECTION	20
	CHAPTER 1: THE CRANIATA AND VERTEBRATA	24
	PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION	24
	VERTEBRATE RELATIVES	27
	CRANIATES AND VERTEBRATES	30
	EARLY STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATES	31
	VERTEBRATA	31
	CHAPTER 2: THE LAMPREY	42
	INTRODUCTION	42
	SECTION I„SKELETON	42
	SECTION II„EXTERNAL ANATOMY	43
	SECTION III„PLEUROPERITONEAL CAVITY AND VISCERA	44
	SECTION IV„SAGITTAL SECTION	45
	CHAPTER 3: THE SHARK	50
	INTRODUCTION	50
	SECTION I„SKELETON	50
	SECTION II„EXTERNAL ANATOMY	58
	SECTION III„MUSCULAR SYSTEM	62
	SECTION IV„DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS	68
	SECTION V„CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM	74
	SECTION VI„UROGENITAL SYSTEM	82
	SECTION VII„SENSORY ORGANS	86
	SECTION VIII„BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES	93
	CHAPTER 4: THE PERCH	100
	INTRODUCTION	100
	SECTION I„SKELETON	100
	SECTION II„EXTERNAL ANATOMY	104
	SECTION III„MOUTH, ORAL CAVITY, AND PHARYNX	105
	SECTION IV„PLEUROPERITONEAL CAVITY AND VISCERA	106
	CHAPTER 5: THE MUDPUPPY	112
	INTRODUCTION	112
	SECTION I„SKELETON	112
	SECTION II„EXTERNAL ANATOMY	117
	SECTION III„MOUTH, ORAL CAVITY, AND PHARYNX	118
	SECTION IV„PLEUROPERITONEAL CAVITY AND VISCERA	119
	SECTION V„UROGENITAL SYSTEM	121
	SECTION VI„CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM	125
	CHAPTER 6: THE FROG	136
	INTRODUCTION	136
	SECTION I„SKELETON	136
	SECTION II„EXTERNAL ANATOMY	141
	SECTION III„MOUTH, ORAL CAVITY, AND PHARYNX	143
	SECTION IV„PLEUROPERITONEAL CAVITY, VISCERA, AND UROGENITAL SYSTEM	143
	SECTION V„CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM	148
	CHAPTER 7: THE CAT	154
	INTRODUCTION	154
	SECTION I„SKELETON	155
	SECTION II„EXTERNAL ANATOMY	174
	SECTION III„MUSCULAR SYSTEM	176
	SECTION IV„DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS	203
	SECTION V„CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM	217
	SECTION VI„UROGENITAL SYSTEM	235
	SECTION VII„BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES	241
	CHAPTER 8: THE PIGEON	250
	INTRODUCTION	250
	SECTION I„SKELETON	250
	SECTION II„EXTERNAL ANATOMY	257
	SECTION III„MUSCULATURE	259
	SECTION IV„BODY CAVITY, VISCERA, AND VESSELS	264
	SELECTED REFERENCES	274
	INDEX	276