Cover	1
	Contents	18
	Dedication	6
	Foreword	8
	Preface	10
	Nomenclature	12
	Abbreviations	16
	Systems Approach in Science	22
	Natural Systems and their Classification	22
	Rocks, Water, Organic Matter and Gases as a Specific Natural System	28
	Systems Approach in Petroleum Geology	29
	Oil and Gas-Bearing Rocks	40
	Composition of Oil- and Gas-Bearing Rocks	40
	Reservoir Rocks	41
	Porosity	42
	Permeability	43
	Caprocks	50
	Oil and Gas Reservoirs	56
	Temperature and Pressure in the Subsurface	60
	Deformation of Rocks in Depth	60
	Porosity and permeability versus depth of burial	60
	Temperature	63
	Paleotemperature	70
	Abnormally-High Formation Pressure	72
	Well-logging data	72
	Seismic data	73
	Drilling data	74
	Effect of pressure and temperature	79
	Effect of formation water chemistry	83
	Secondary montmorillonite	85
	Origin of Abnormal Formation Pressures	85
	Water	92
	Physical and Chemical Properties of Waters	92
	Classifications of Oilfield Waters	96
	Water Drive	100
	Water drive systems	101
	Crude Oils	108
	Composition of Crude Oils¹º	108
	Classification of Crude Oils	110
	Natural Gases and Condensates	122
	Composition of Natural Gases	122
	Isotope Composition of Natural Gases	124
	Carbon	124
	Hydrogen	124
	Sulfur	125
	Nitrogen	125
	Inert gases	126
	Physical Properties of Natural Gases	127
	Gas density	127
	Combustion heating value	128
	Compressibility of natural gases	128
	Deviation of pressure at bottom of gas column	129
	Gas viscosity	130
	Hydrate formation	130
	Solubility of gases in water	131
	Solubility of hydrocarbon gases in crude oils	133
	Phase Transformation and Condensates¹¹	133
	Dispersed Organic Matter	138
	Organic Matter Insoluble in Organic Solvents: Kerogen	138
	Insoluble Portion of Organic Matter	139
	Organic Matter Soluble in Organic Solvents	146
	Combined Studies of Soluble and Insoluble Portions of Organic Matter	150
	Origin of Oil and Natural Gas	156
	Initial Organic Matter and its Transformation	156
	Stagewise Nature and Cyclic Transformation of Organic Matter	159
	Role of Energy in the Oil Generation Process	162
	Formation of Hydrocarbon Accumulations	168
	Sedimentary Basins	168
	Hydrocarbon Expulsion ("Primary Migration"), Heterogeneity of the Medium, Dissolution in Water and Gas, and Diffusion	172
	Overburden Pressure	174
	Pore Pressure	174
	Rock Compaction	175
	Temperature	175
	Geochemical Non-Uniformity	175
	Dissolution in Compressed Gases (See Retrograde Dissolution in Chapter 6)	178
	Diffusion	178
	Primary Accumulation and Free Phase Migration ("Secondary Migration")	179
	Time of Formation of Hydrocarbon Accumulations	190
	Paleogeologic Method	190
	Mineralogic Technique	190
	Helium– Argon Technique	191
	Determination Based on the Composition of Oil Fractions with Boiling Point below 200°C	191
	Volumetric Technique	191
	Saturation Pressure Technique	192
	Classifications of Oil and Gas Accumulations	194
	Classification of Types of Oil and Gas Accumulations and Traps, Reserves, Fluid Quality, Production Rates	194
	Classification of Hydrocarbon Accumulations Based on Phase Relationships	197
	Gas accumulations	196
	Oil accumulations	198
	Classification of Oil and Gas Reservoirs Based on Drive Mechanism	204
	Solution gas drive	205
	Gas-cap drive	208
	Water drive	209
	Gravity drainage	212
	Combination-drive reservoirs	212
	Open combination-drive reservoirs	212
	Closed combination-drive reservoirs	214
	Classification of Hydrocarbon Accumulations Based on the Types of Traps	215
	Vertical Zonation of Hydrocarbon Accumulations	219
	Mathematical Modeling in Petroleum Geology	226
	Principles of Mathematical Modeling of Geologic Systems	226
	Models of Static Geologic Systems	230
	Analytical approach	231
	Entropy of geologic systems	231
	Anisotropy of sedimentary rocks	236
	Petrophyical relationships	238
	Statistical approach	242
	One-dimensional models	242
	Rock properties	242
	Crude oil properties	246
	Two-dimensional models	248
	Reservoir rocks	248
	Crude oil	251
	Natural gas	257
	Formation water	258
	Multidimensional models	261
	Reservoir rocks	261
	Crude oil	262
	Models of Dynamic Geologic Systems	270
	Analytical approach	271
	Statistical approach	272
	Combination of analytical and statistical approaches	277
	Sediment compaction	277
	Simulation of rock properties	278
	Prediction of rock properties	286
	Prediction of hydrocarbon reserves	286
	Evolution of pore-fluid (formation) pressure	291
	Simulation of oil/water mobility	292
	Algorithm of Accelerated Exploration for Hydrocarbon Accumulations	294
	Concluding Remarks	294
	Wettability and Capillarity	296
	Introduction	296
	Wettability	296
	Interfacial Tension and Contact Angle	299
	Effect of Contact Angle and Interfacial Tension on Movement of Oil	302
	Water block	305
	Buoyancy	306
	Sample problem	307
	Gas Migration	307
	Permeability	310
	Glossary*	316
	References and Bibliography	366
	Author Index	382
	Subject Index	386
	Erratum to the Subject Index	392