Preface	5
	Acknowledgements	9
	Contents	10
	Mathematical Background and Methods of Ocean Modelling	14
	1.1 Classical Problems of Marine Dynamics: Equations, Initial and Boundary Conditions	15
	1.2 Solvability of Ocean/Sea Dynamics Problems	21
	1.3 Alternative and Generalized Models of the General Circulation in Oceans and Shelf Seas	25
	1.4 Numerical Methods	29
	1.5 Forward and Adjoint Models	35
	1.6 Advances and Trends in Mathematical Modelling of Marine and Oceanic Currents	39
	References	40
	Simple Linear Models for Diagnostic Calculation of Ocean Climate Characteristics	43
	2.1 Basic Equations	43
	2.2 Simple Diagnostic Models for Ocean Characteristics Calculation	44
	2.3 Are The Sverdrup Relation and the Dynamic ( Reference- Level) Method Still Up- To- Date?	65
	References	78
	Nonlinear Models for Diagnostic, Prognostic and Adjustment Calculations of Ocean Climate Characteristics	79
	3.1 Nonlinear Models Based on Sea Surface Height Calculations	79
	3.2 Nonlinear Extraequatorial Model Based on the Mass Transport Stream Function Calculation	83
	3.3 Quasianalytical Version of One Nonlinear Model	88
	3.4 Comments on Different Approaches and Different Integral Equations Used in Ocean Modelling	92
	3.5 A Brief Analysis of Prognostic Calculations	97
	3.6 On the Intercalibration of Models	107
	References	111
	Synthesis of Models and Observed Data	115
	4.1 Energetics of Ocean’s Hydrophysical Characteristics Mutual Adjusting Processes	115
	4.2 Ocean Modelling Experiments by General Adjustment ( OMEGA)	128
	4.3 Hydrodynamic Method for WOCE Data Processing and Assimilation	130
	4.4 Four-Dimensional Analysis of Hydrophysical Ocean and Sea Fields	139
	References	161
	Modelling of Climate Variability in Selected Ocean Basins	164
	5.1 Numerical Simulation of in the Arctic–North Atlantic System	164
	5.2 The Gulf Stream	186
	5.3 Pacific Ocean Circulation and Tracer Transport Modelling	197
	5.4 The Indian Ocean	212
	References	230
	Modelling Climate Variability of Selected Shelf Seas	236
	6.1 The North Sea	236
	6.2 TheWhite Sea	245
	6.3 The Caspian Sea	256
	6.4 The Black Sea	291
	References	343
	Color Plate Section	350
	Index	382