Preface	7
	Acknowledgements	9
	Contents	11
	Ice in the Climate System	15
	The Terrestrial Cryosphere	15
	Land Ice on the Present-Day Earth	15
	An Excursion into the Past	17
	Ice Sheets, Glaciers and Global Warming	18
	Vectors, Tensors and Their Representation	21
	Definition of a Vector, Basic Properties	21
	Representation of Vectors as Number Triples	23
	Tensors of Order 2	24
	Higher Order Tensors	27
	Vector and Tensor Analysis	28
	Elements of Continuum Mechanics	31
	Bodies and Configurations	31
	Kinematics	32
	Deformation Gradient, Stretch Tensors	32
	Velocity, Acceleration, Velocity Gradient	35
	Balance Equations	39
	Reynolds' Transport Theorem	39
	General Balance Equation	40
	General Jump Condition	42
	Mass Balance	43
	Momentum Balance	44
	Balance of Angular Momentum	47
	Energy Balance	48
	Constitutive Equations	51
	Homogeneous Viscous Thermoelastic Bodies	51
	Linear Elastic Solid	52
	Newtonian Fluid	57
	Constitutive Equations for Polycrystalline Ice	63
	Microstructure of Ice	63
	Creep of Polycrystalline Ice	64
	Flow Relation	66
	Glen's Flow Law	66
	Regularised Glen's Flow Law	70
	Smith-Morland Flow Law	71
	Flow Enhancement Factor	72
	Heat Flux and Internal Energy	73
	Elasticity	74
	Large-Scale Dynamics of Ice Sheets	75
	Full Stokes Flow Problem	75
	Field Equations	75
	Boundary Conditions	79
	Ice Thickness Equation	84
	Hydrostatic Approximation	86
	First Order Approximation	89
	Shallow Ice Approximation	91
	Driving Stress	97
	Analytical Solutions	98
	Simplified Problem	98
	Vialov Profile	1
	Bueler Profile	101
	Numerical Methods	104
	Terrain-Following Coordinate Transformation	105
	Plane Strain Shallow Ice Equations	108
	Discretised Ice Sheet Equations	111
	Example: The EGIG Line of the Greenland Ice Sheet	117
	Large-Scale Dynamics of Ice Shelves	124
	Full Stokes Flow Problem	124
	Field Equations, Boundary Conditions at the Free Surface	124
	Boundary Conditions at the Ice Base	125
	Boundary Conditions at the Grounding Line and Calving Front	127
	Hydrostatic Approximation	129
	Shallow Shelf Approximation	130
	Ice Shelf Ramp	139
	Numerical Methods	144
	Mechanical Ice Shelf Problem	144
	Weak Formulation	145
	Discretisation of the Ice Shelf Domain	146
	Galerkin Finite Element Method	148
	Iteration	153
	Example: The Ross Ice Shelf	154
	Dynamics of Glacier Flow	157
	Glaciers Versus Ice Sheets	157
	Parallel Sided Slab	158
	Scaling Arguments and Hierarchy of Approximations	163
	First Order Plane Strain Approximation	167
	Basal Sliding	169
	General Remarks	169
	Mean Sliding over Rough Hard Beds	170
	Soft Beds on Sediment Layers	174
	Numerical Methods for the Stress and Velocity Fields	176
	Method of Lines	176
	Global Discretisation Schemes	179
	Vertical Velocity Component	184
	Trajectories	186
	Transverse First Order Flow Profiles	187
	Applications and Limitations of Glacier Models	190
	Information on Glaciers	190
	Inverse Problems	191
	The Shallowness of Glaciers	192
	Discontinuities	195
	Glacial Isostasy	197
	Background	197
	Structure of the Earth	199
	Simple Isostasy Models	200
	LLRA Model	200
	ELRA Model	202
	LLDA Model	204
	ELDA Model	207
	Analytical Solution for the Local Lithosphere	207
	Numerical Methods	209
	Local Lithosphere	209
	Elastic Lithosphere	209
	Relaxing Asthenosphere	210
	Diffusive Asthenosphere	210
	Model Intercomparison	211
	Advanced Topics	214
	Induced Anisotropy	214
	Background	214
	Anisotropic Generalisation of Glen's Flow Law	215
	Proof of Anisotropy for the CAFFE Flow Law	220
	Some Examples	222
	Evolution of Anisotropy	228
	Application to the EDML Core, Antarctica	231
	Compressible Firn	235
	Background	235
	Densification of Firn	235
	Constitutive Relation for Firn	237
	Field Equations	239
	Parallel Sided Slab	241
	Temperate and Polythermal Glaciers	248
	Background	248
	Temperate Ice	248
	Temperate Ice Surface	251
	Temperate Ice Base	251
	Transition Conditions at the CTS	253
	Parallel Sided Polythermal Slab	257
	Polythermal Glaciers	264
	Enthalpy Formulation	266
	Conclusions, Summary and Outlook	271
	Errata to: Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers	273
	References Cited or Recommended	276
	List of Symbols	286
	List of Acronyms	292
	Index	294