Contents	5
	Contributors	7
	Introduction	9
	Science at the Edge of Science Fiction	9
	The Moral Brain: A New Climate A New Technique	10
	The Breakthroughs	16
	There is No Moral Center	17
	Each Moral Task Has Its Own Neural Network	20
	Engineering the Moral Brain	23
	The Immoral Brain	25
	Prospects and Limits	27
	Morality and Evolution	29
	Indirect Reciprocity and Strong Reciprocity	34
	Towards a Deep History of Human Morality	36
	A Misleading Analogy?	37
	The Importance of Brain Imaging	39
	Plan of the Book	42
	Conclusion	47
	References	48
	The Immoral Brain	52
	The Evolution of Moral Behavior	52
	The Prisoners Dilemma Model of Social Interactions	53
	The Neurobiology of Morality and Social Emotions	54
	The Evolution of Immoral Behavior	57
	The Neurobiology of Immoral / Antisocial Behavior	59
	Neurobiology of Psychopathy in the Prisoners Dilemma	64
	The Neurobiology of Deception	65
	Cheater Detection	66
	Neuroethics	67
	Summary	68
	References	69
	Extended Attachment and the Human Brain: Internalized Cultural Values and Evolutionary Implications	75
	Attachment Operationally Defined	75
	Scope and Aims	77
	Culture, Extended Attachment and the Human Brain	78
	The Neural Basis of Social Attachment and Aversion	79
	Evolutionary Implications	82
	Prospects and Final Remarks	85
	References	88
	Neuro-Cognitive Systems Involved in Moral Reasoning	92
	The Development of Morality	92
	Morality as a Unitary System	92
	Multiple Moralities	94
	The Development of Care-Based Morality	96
	Reciprocity	99
	Disgust-Based Morality	100
	Social Convention	100
	Theory of Mind and Morality	102
	Theory of Mind and Social Convention	103
	Summary	104
	Empathy and Morality: Integrating Social and Neuroscience Approaches	113
	Evolutionary Origins of Empathy	115
	Shared Neural Circuits Between Self and Other	118
	Perspective-Taking, Self-Other Awareness, and Empathy	120
	Modulation of Empathic Responding	123
	Empathy and Morality	126
	Conclusion	127
	References	128
	Moral Judgment and the Brain: A Functional Approach to the Question of Emotion and Cognition in Moral Judgment Integrating Psychology, Neuroscience and Evolutionary Biology	132
	Two Competing Psychological Models on Moral Judgment Moral Reasoning from a Cognitive-Developmental Perspective	133
	The Role of Emotions and Intuitive Feelings in Moral Judgment	134
	The Neuroscientific Study of Moral Judgment	136
	Lesion Studies Provide First Evidence for a Neurobiological Basis of Morality	136
	Some Methodological Considerations on Imaging Brain Activity	138
	A Distributed Functional Network of Brain Regions Activated During Moral Judgment	140
	Neuroimaging Studies with a Focus on Emotion and Cognition in Moral Judgment	143
	Evidence for Competing Emotional and Cognitive Subsystems During Dilemmatic Moral Judgments	143
	The Influence of Bodily Harm on Neural Correlates of Moral Decision Making	144
	The Influence of Individual Differences in Moral Judgment Competence on Neural Correlates of Moral Judgment	145
	A Functional Approach to Moral Judgment Integrating Psychological Models, Neuroscientific Results, and Evolutionary Biology	149
	References	153
	Moral Dysfunction: Theoretical Model and Potential Neurosurgical Treatments	158
	Introduction	158
	The Moral Brain	160
	The Moral Brain Circuit	161
	Reward System and Morality	162
	Dysfunctional Moral Brain	164
	Antisocial Personality Disorders (APD)/Psychopathy	164
	Pedophilia	167
	Developing Neurosurgical Treatments for Moral Dysfunctions	169
	Pedophilia	171
	Electrical Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens	172
	Electrical Stimulation of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex	172
	Electrical Stimulation of the Amygdala	173
	Electrical Stimulation of the OFC	174
	Electrical Stimulation of the DLPFC	175
	Psychopathy/Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)	176
	What Surgical Treatment to Chose in Individual Cases ?	177
	Ethical Implications of Neurosurgical Interventions for Moral Dysfunction	178
	References	180
	Does It Pay to be Good? Competing Evolutionary Explanations of Pro-Social Behaviour	187
	Brain, Behaviour, Evolution	187
	What Moral Behaviour?	188
	Altruism	188
	Box 1 Other-Regarding Utility Functions	188
	Reciprocity, Indirect Reciprocity, Altruistic Punishment and Third Party Punishment	192
	Different Types of Models	193
	Kin Selection	193
	Natural Selection at the Individual Level	194
	Group Selection	195
	Sexual Selection	198
	Which One Is Right?	198
	Verbal Versus Formal	199
	Brain Scanning: Proximate and Ultimate Causes	200
	References	201
	How Can Evolution and Neuroscience Help Us Understand Moral Capacities?	203
	Evolution	205
	Evolution and Pathology	207
	Neuroscience	208
	Conclusion	209
	References	210
	Runaway Social Selection for Displays of Partner Value and Altruism	212
	Social Selection	213
	Social Selection in Nature	215
	Domestication	216
	Social Selection for Cooperation	217
	Social Selection for Prosocial Traits in Humans	220
	Models	222
	The Invisible Hand	224
	Caveats and Conclusions	225
	References	227
	The Evolved Brain: Understanding Religious Ethics and Religious Violence	233
	Introduction	233
	Evolutionary Models for Morality	236
	Evolutionary Psychology and Moral Religions	238
	The Evolutionary Bases of Religious Ethics/Religious Violence	241
	The Evolutionary Logic of Religious Violence	245
	Conclusion	250
	References	253
	An Evolutionary and Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective on Moral Modularity	255
	Introduction	255
	Evolutionary Psychology	257
	Modularity Hypothesis	257
	Moral Modularity	258
	Cognitive Neuroscience	260
	The Role of Reasoning Processes in Some Forms of Moral Judgment	261
	Focus on Learning Processes	262
	Neural Modularity	263
	Massive Moral Modularity: Confronting EP and CN	263
	Learning	264
	Higher Cognition	266
	Neural Modularity?	266
	Conclusion	267
	References	268
	Index	271