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Acknowledgements |
6 |
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The Editors |
8 |
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Contents |
10 |
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Contributors |
12 |
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Chapter 1: Peace Psychology in the Balkans: In Times Past, Present, and Future |
18 |
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Contributions of Research and Practice in the Balkans to Peace Psychology |
20 |
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The Balkan Region |
22 |
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Explaining the Past |
24 |
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Examining the Present |
26 |
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Envisioning the Future |
28 |
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References |
30 |
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Part I: Explaining the Past |
32 |
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Chapter 2: Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Post-Communist Romania |
33 |
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Zoom Out: The Demographic-Economic Account |
34 |
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Demography |
35 |
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Economy |
37 |
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Migration |
38 |
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The Demographic-Economic Account and Romanian-Hungarian Ethnic Conflict |
38 |
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Zoom in: History, Ideology, and Identity |
40 |
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Changing Foundational Myths and National Enemies |
41 |
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Reciprocal Fear, Manipulation, and Mobilization |
42 |
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Ethnic Reconciliation: The Post-Communist Identity Shift |
44 |
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Socio-Economic Collapse and the Resurrection of the Pro-Western Orientation |
45 |
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Pro-Western Orientation and Interethnic Tolerance |
46 |
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Conclusion |
47 |
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References |
48 |
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Chapter 3: Theories of Ethnocentrism and Their Implications for Peacebuilding* |
51 |
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Ethnocentrism |
53 |
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What Causes Ethnocentrism? |
55 |
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Ethnocentrism Is Caused by Threat and Insecurity |
56 |
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Realistic Group Conflict Theory |
56 |
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Authoritarian Personality Theory |
57 |
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Terror Management Theory |
57 |
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Summary and Implications |
58 |
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Ethnocentrism Is Caused by Self-Aggrandizement |
59 |
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Social Identity Perspective |
59 |
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Elite Theory |
60 |
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Social Dominance Theory |
60 |
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Threat and Self-Aggrandizement Integration: The Dual Process Cognitive-Motivational Theory |
61 |
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Summary and Implications |
61 |
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Ethnocentrism Is Caused by Preference for the Similar |
62 |
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Belief Congruence Theory |
62 |
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Optimal Distinctiveness Theory |
63 |
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Summary and Implications |
63 |
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Ethnocentrism Is Caused by Proneness to Simplification |
64 |
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Role of Ignorance |
64 |
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Summary and Implications |
65 |
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Ethnocentrism Is Caused by Social Factors |
66 |
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Summary and Implications |
66 |
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Ethnocentrism Is Caused by Evolutionary Factors |
67 |
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Summary and Implications |
68 |
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Summary and Conclusions |
68 |
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References |
69 |
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Chapter 4: Transforming Violent Masculinities in Serbia and Beyond |
73 |
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Introduction: The Problem, Definitions and Issues |
74 |
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Performativity and Psychology of Gender and the Concept of Hegemonic Masculinity |
75 |
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Shadow |
78 |
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Masculinity Wars |
83 |
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Alternative Peace-Oriented Masculinities |
84 |
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Conclusion |
87 |
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References |
87 |
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Chapter 5: Making or Breaking the Peace: The Role of Schools in Inter-Ethnic Peace Making |
90 |
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Introduction |
91 |
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Schools as Socialization Space |
91 |
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National Identity and Inter-Ethnic Conflict |
93 |
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Education, Curriculum and Conflict |
95 |
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The Place of Schools in Creating a Preferred Future |
99 |
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References |
100 |
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Part II: Examining the Present |
103 |
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Chapter 6: Journalistic Views on Post-Violent Peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
104 |
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Theoretical Background |
107 |
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Brief Political Context: The Case of “Dobrovoljacka” |
108 |
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Methodology |
109 |
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Newspapers’ Representation of Events on May 2nd and 3rd 1992 |
110 |
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Journalists on Dobrovoljacka and Post-Violent Peacebuilding in BIH |
113 |
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Meaning and Representation of the Case of Dobrovoljacka |
113 |
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The Role of Media in Co-Creating Post-Violent Peacebuilding |
114 |
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Journalistic Work in Covering War Crimes |
115 |
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Discussion and Conclusion |
117 |
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References |
120 |
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Chapter 7: War Through Other Means: Examining the Role of Symbols in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
122 |
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The Political Role of Symbols: A Brief Theoretical Outline |
123 |
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Nationalism Through Symbols in Post-War Bosnia–Herzegovina |
125 |
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National Symbols in Post-Yugoslav Bosnia–Herzegovina |
126 |
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Representing then Nation: The Main Motifs of Croat, Serb and Muslim Nationhood |
126 |
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Mostar: Symbolic Representations of the Croat-Muslim Divide |
132 |
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Banja Luka: Undermining the Serb Republic with a Mosque |
133 |
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The Symbolism of Religious Buildings |
135 |
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Shared Symbols, Shared Space |
136 |
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Think BIG, Think BiH |
136 |
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Bruce Lee and Mostar: Global Pop Culture as a Symbol of Reconciliation |
139 |
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Conclusion |
140 |
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References |
141 |
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Chapter 8: Imagine Being Alone: Making Sense of Life in Contemporary Bosnia and Herzegovina by Remembering the Past |
142 |
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Dramaturgicality of Everyday Life |
144 |
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Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Society in Transition |
145 |
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Contextualizing the Present Study |
146 |
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Methodology |
147 |
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Findings and Discussion |
148 |
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Esma in her Changing Society |
149 |
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Esma in her Changing Neighborhood |
149 |
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Esma Between Two Worlds: Communalism Versus Individualism |
151 |
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Concluding Remarks |
152 |
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References |
153 |
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Chapter 9: Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in a Sample of Bosnian Young Adults: Ten Years After the War |
155 |
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Introduction |
156 |
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Method |
158 |
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Participants |
158 |
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Materials and Procedure |
159 |
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Results |
161 |
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Description of War Events |
161 |
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Current Stress |
161 |
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Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms |
161 |
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Associations Between Current Stress and Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms |
163 |
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Discussion |
164 |
|
|
References |
166 |
|
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Chapter 10: Family in Exile: Examining the Risk and Resilience of Refugees in Serbia |
169 |
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Introduction |
169 |
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Family in Exile: Post Displacement Stressors |
171 |
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Living Conditions |
171 |
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Accommodation Within Host Families |
172 |
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Accommodation in Collective Centres (Refugee Camps) |
172 |
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Integration into Local Community and Its Labour Market |
173 |
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Unemployment and Poverty |
174 |
|
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Family in Exile: Pre-Displacement and Displacement Stressors |
175 |
|
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What Can We Do in Order to Improve the Way Refuges Live? |
177 |
|
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A Systemic Family Approach |
179 |
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Conclusion |
183 |
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References |
184 |
|
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Part III: Envisioning the Future |
186 |
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Chapter 11: Parallel Worlds of Divided Community: Time Does Not Make Much Difference |
187 |
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Theoretical Background of the Study |
188 |
|
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Integroup Attitudes in a Divided Community |
189 |
|
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Social Background of the Study |
190 |
|
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Studying Interethnic Relations Among Young People Living in the Post-Conflict Community |
192 |
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Method |
193 |
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Participants |
193 |
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Measures |
194 |
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Procedure |
195 |
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Results |
195 |
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Discussion |
200 |
|
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Conclusions |
204 |
|
|
References |
205 |
|
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Chapter 12: OpenOption : Roma, Discrimination, and Peace Building in Macedonian Šuto Orizari |
209 |
|
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Introduction |
210 |
|
|
The Background of the Project OpenOption |
211 |
|
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Šuto Orizari, the First Roma Municipality in Europe |
211 |
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The Decade for Roma Inclusion 2005–2015 and the National Strategy for Roma |
211 |
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Presentation of Teatrino Clandestino and Theatre Roma: The Encounter |
213 |
|
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The Genesis of OpenOption: Common Problematic Space |
213 |
|
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Resisting Structural Violence Against Roma: A PoliticalPhilosophy Laboratory in Šuto Orizari |
213 |
|
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Why Are Roma the Last in Society?: Roma and Cultural Violence |
215 |
|
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In Pursuit of Social Justice: OpenOption as a Peacebuilding Project |
216 |
|
|
Towards a New Imaginary |
216 |
|
|
“What Is the Contemporary?”: Roma Enlightening Contemporariness |
218 |
|
|
OpenOption – The Title and Its Meaning |
220 |
|
|
Roma, A Nation Without a State and War |
220 |
|
|
Conclusion: A Theater with Open Doors |
221 |
|
|
References |
222 |
|
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Chapter 13: Overcoming Ethnic Hatred: Peacebuilding and Violent Conflict Prevention in Divided Societies |
225 |
|
|
Introduction |
226 |
|
|
Marginalization in the Ethnic Nation: The Roma and Hungarian Minorities in Romania |
227 |
|
|
The Roma Minority |
228 |
|
|
The Hungarian Minority |
233 |
|
|
Conflict Prevention in Romania |
234 |
|
|
Overcoming Ethnic Hatred: Lessons for Ethnic Conflict Management |
236 |
|
|
Conclusion |
241 |
|
|
References |
242 |
|
|
Chapter 14: Coming to Terms with the Past Marked by Collective Crimes: Collective Moral Responsibility and Reconciliation |
245 |
|
|
Introduction |
246 |
|
|
Dealing with the Past |
246 |
|
|
Why Collective Moral Responsibility Matters? |
247 |
|
|
Acknowledgment of Collective Responsibility |
250 |
|
|
Self-affirmation Effects |
252 |
|
|
Conclusion |
252 |
|
|
References |
253 |
|
|
Index |
255 |
|