Contents	5
	Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture: A Review	10
	1 The Journal Agronomy for Sustainable Development	10
	2 Sustainable Development and Sustainable Agriculture	12
	3 Future Sustainable Farming Systems	13
	3.1 Level 1: The Substitution Strategy	13
	3.2 Level 2: The Agroecological Strategy	14
	3.3 Level 3: The Global Strategy	14
	4 Agronomical Research for Sustainable Agriculture	14
	References	15
	Laws of Sustainable Soil Management	17
	1 Introduction	17
	2 Basic Principles of Sustainable Soil Management	18
	References	20
	Part I Climate Change	21
	Soils and Sustainable Agriculture: A Review	22
	1 Introduction	22
	2 Advancing Food Security	23
	3 Biofuels	24
	4 Waste Disposal	25
	5 Farming Carbon	26
	6 Water Resources	27
	7 Reaching Out	28
	References	29
	Soils and Food Sufficiency: A Review	31
	1 Introduction	31
	2 Prehistoric Farming Techniques and Soil Degradation	32
	3 Constraints to Transforming Traditional Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa	33
	4 Crop Yield and Soil Erosion	34
	5 Soil Organic Matter and Crop Yield	35
	6 Irrigation and Fertilization Management	37
	7 Promise and Challenge of No-Till Farming	37
	8 Integrated Nutrient Management	41
	9 Soil Fertility Management	41
	10 Biochar	41
	11 Crop Yields and Agronomic Input	43
	12 Climate Change and Food Security	46
	13 Biofuel and Food Security Conundrum	48
	14 Conclusion	48
	References	49
	Denitrification at Sub-Zero Temperatures in Arable Soils: A Review	56
	1 Introduction	56
	2 Denitrification Overview	57
	3 Water-Filled Pore Space in Frozen Soil	58
	4 Soil Organic Carbon in Frozen Soil	59
	5 Nitrogen in Frozen Soils	60
	6 Conclusion	61
	References	61
	Re-Thinking the Conservation of Carbon, Water and Soil: A Different Perspective	65
	1 Introduction	65
	2 Some Assumptions and Their Consequences	66
	3 Views from a Different Vantage-Point	67
	3.1 Some Anomalous Results	67
	3.2 Different Considerations	67
	3.3 Soil Porosity and Biological Activity	68
	3.4 Tillage and the Loss of Soil Pores	69
	3.5 Towards Sustainability -- Prolonging the Usefulness of Resources	70
	3.6 Soil as a Renewable and Self-Renewing Resource	71
	3.7 A Biological Definition of Soil	72
	4 Land Husbandry Influences	72
	4.1 Effects of Good Land Husbandry	72
	4.2 Effects of Poor Land Husbandry	74
	4.3 The Need for Better Land Husbandry	75
	5 Conclusions	75
	5.1 Implications for Research	75
	5.2 Implications for Training and Advisory Work	76
	5.3 Implications for Policy	76
	5.4 A Valid Perspective	76
	References	77
	Cropping Systems, Carbon Sequestration and Erosion in Brazil:A Review	79
	1 Introduction	80
	2 The Expansion of No-Tillage in Brazil	81
	3 Carbon Sequestration	82
	3.1 No-Tillage, Conventional Tillage and Carbon Storage	82
	3.2 Fluxes of Other Greenhouse Gases	85
	3.3 Carbon Budgets at the Farm Level	86
	4 Erosion under No-Tillage and Conventional Tillage	86
	5 Summary and Conclusion	87
	References	87
	Influence of Land Use on Carbon Sequestration and Erosion in Mexico: A Review	90
	1 Introduction	90
	2 Soil Carbon and Carbon Sequestration	91
	2.1 Soil Carbon and Soil Management. Mega-Environment 2 Case Study	91
	2.2 Carbon Stocks in Different Land Use Systems in Hillside Conditions in Mexico	92
	2.3 Carbon Accumulation in Recovered Hardened Volcanic Materials (``Tepetates'')	94
	2.4 Management Effects on Soil Carbon Accumulation	94
	3 Soil Erosion	94
	3.1 Soil Erosion Under Rainfed-Semiarid Conditions. the Aguascalientes Study Case	94
	3.2 Soil Erosion in Volcanic Landscapes. the Pátzcuaro Basin Study Case	95
	3.3 Soil Erosion in Hillside Slopes. The PMSL (Oaxaca) Study Case	95
	4 Conservation Tillage	95
	References	96
	Rhizodeposition of Organic C by Plant: Mechanisms and Controls	100
	1 Introduction	101
	2 Mechanisms of Release of Organic C from Living Roots	102
	2.1 Sloughing off of Root Border Cells	102
	2.2 Secretion of Mucilage by Roots	104
	2.3 Root Exudation	105
	2.4 Senescence of Root Epidermis	106
	2.5 Relative Proportion of Rhizodeposits	108
	3 Factors Affecting C Fluxes to the Rhizosphere	109
	3.1 Data Overlook	109
	3.2 Factors that Affect the Partitioning of 14C-Assimilates to the Soil: A Quantitative Approach	114
	3.2.1 Methods for Calculations	114
	3.2.2 Plant Age	115
	3.2.3 Microorganisms	115
	3.2.4 Soil Texture	116
	3.2.5 Soil Nitrogen	118
	3.2.6 Atmospheric CO2 Concentration	118
	4 Outlooks	119
	References	121
	Environmental Costs and Benefits of Transportation Biofuel Production from Food- and Lignocellulose-Based Energy Crops: A Review	127
	1 Introduction	127
	2 US Biofuel Production From Food Crops	128
	2.1 The Current State of US Biofuel Production	128
	2.2 Impacts of Increasing US Biofuel Production	130
	3 Maximizing the Environmental Benefits of Current Biofuels	130
	4 Alternate US Biofuel Feedstock Production Methods	132
	4.1 Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass	132
	4.2 The Promise of Prairies	133
	5 Conclusion	136
	References	136
	Grasslands for Bioenergy Production: A Review	142
	1 Introduction	142
	2 Proteins vs. Biofuel	143
	3 Reactive Nitrogen Emissions	145
	4 Biodiversity	146
	5 Effective Land-Use Resources	147
	5.1 Historical Overview	147
	5.2 Wildlife-Friendly vs. Land-Sparing Farming	148
	5.3 Low-Input High-Diversity Prairies vs. Intensive Land Use	149
	6 Conclusion	149
	References	150
	Plant Drought Stress: Effects, Mechanisms and Management	153
	1 Introduction	154
	2 Effects of Drought on Plants	154
	2.1 Crop Growth and Yield	154
	2.2 Water Relations	156
	2.3 Nutrient Relations	157
	2.4 Photosynthesis	158
	2.4.1 Stomatal Oscillations	158
	2.4.2 Photosynthetic Enzymes	159
	2.4.3 Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis	160
	2.5 Assimilate Partitioning	160
	2.6 Respiration	161
	2.7 Oxidative Damage	161
	3 Drought Resistance Mechanisms	163
	3.1 Morphological Mechanisms	163
	3.1.1 Escape	163
	3.1.2 Avoidance	163
	3.1.3 Phenotypic Flexibility	164
	3.2 Physiological Mechanisms	164
	3.2.1 Cell and Tissue Water Conservation	165
	3.2.2 Antioxidant Defense	166
	3.2.3 Cell Membrane Stability	167
	3.2.4 Plant Growth Regulators	168
	3.2.5 Compatible Solutes and Osmotic Adjustment	169
	3.3 Molecular Mechanisms	172
	3.3.1 Aquaporins	172
	3.3.2 Stress Proteins	172
	3.3.3 Signaling and Drought Stress Tolerance	173
	4 Managing Drought Stress	174
	4.1 Selection and Breeding Strategies	175
	4.2 Molecular and Functional Genomics Approaches	175
	4.3 Induction of Drought Resistance	176
	4.3.1 Seed Priming	176
	4.3.2 Use of Plant Growth Regulators	177
	4.3.3 Use of Osmoprotectants	177
	4.3.4 Silicon	178
	5 Conclusion	179
	References	179
	Part II Genetically Modified Organisms	189
	Pharmaceutical Crops in California, Benefits and Risks: A Review	190
	1 Introduction	190
	2 Benefits of Pharmaceutical Crops	190
	3 Containment Risks	191
	3.1 Contamination of Food and Feed	191
	3.2 Transgene Escape from Food Crops	192
	4 Food Vs. Nonfood Crops	192
	5 Additional Routes of Exposure	193
	6 Regulatory Responses	194
	7 Field-Testing in California	196
	7.1 Pharmaceutical Rice	197
	7.2 Local Bans	197
	7.3 Economic Considerations	198
	8 Evaluating Risks and Benefits	198
	8.1 Precautionary Approach	198
	8.2 Formal Risk-Assessment Framework	198
	8.3 Cost--Benefit Analysis	199
	9 A Promising New Technology?	199
	References	199
	Coexistence of Genetically Modified and Non-GM Cropsin the European Union: A Review	201
	1 Introduction	201
	2 Coexistence of GM and Non-GM Crops	203
	2.1 Sources of Adventitious Mixing	204
	2.2 Labelling Thresholds	205
	2.3 Legal Frames on Coexistence	205
	3 Coexistence of Maize Cropping Systems	207
	3.1 Sources of Adventitious Mixing	207
	3.2 Preventive Coexistence Measures	208
	4 Challenges Entailed by Large and Fixed Isolation Distances	212
	4.1 Science-Based Principle	212
	4.2 Appropriateness Principle	213
	4.3 Regional Proportionality Principle	213
	4.4 Economic Proportionality Principle	213
	5 Flexible Coexistence Measures	216
	6 The Coexistence Paradox	217
	6.1 Opponents' Rationale on Coexistence	218
	6.2 Proponents' Rationale on Coexistence	219
	7 Conclusion	220
	References	221
	Agro-Environmental Effects Due to Altered Cultivation Practiceswith Genetically Modified Herbicide-Tolerant Oilseed Rapeand Implications for Monitoring: A Review	227
	1 Introduction	227
	2 Methodology of Categorising Changes and Agro-Environmental Effects	228
	3 Practice Changes with GMHT Oilseed Rape Cultivation	229
	3.1 Introduction of GMHT Oilseed Rape Cultivation	229
	3.2 Time, Mode and Rate of Herbicide Application, and Spraying Frequencies	232
	3.3 Tillage and Cover Crops	232
	3.4 Crop Rotations	233
	3.5 Coexistence Requirements	233
	4 Effects of Practice Changes on the Agro-Environment and Implications for Coexistence	233
	4.1 Introduction of GMHT Oilseed Rape to the Farming System and Agro-Environmental Effects Directly Linked to the HT Technology	233
	4.2 Impact on Ecological Processes on Different Scales	234
	4.3 HT Oilseed Rape Biology, Genotype and Effects on Co-existence with Neighbouring Agricultural Systems	235
	5 Monitoring Requirements and Reference Basis	235
	6 Assessment on Effect of Practice Changes and Implications for Monitoring	236
	References	237
	Bacillus thuringiensis: Applications in Agriculture and Insect Resistance Management -- A Review	241
	1 Introduction	241
	2 The Bacterium	242
	3 Diversity of the -Endotoxins (Cry Proteins) of Bacillus thuringiensis	242
	4 Specificity, Structure and Mode of Action of -Endotoxins	243
	5 B. thuringiensis and Its Uses in Crop Protection and Disease Vector Control	245
	6 The Expression of Cry Genes in Plants	246
	7 The Regulations Concerning GMOs in Europe and in France	247
	8 Status of GMO Maizein France in November 2006	248
	9 Resistance to the -Endotoxins of Bt	248
	10 The High Dose-Refuge Strategy	248
	11 Evolution of Resistance in Natural Populations	250
	12 Conclusion	251
	References	251
	Genetically Modified Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean in the USA: Adoption Factors, Impacts and Prospects -- A Review	254
	1 IntroductionAcronyms used in this article are given below. The terms ``transgenic crop'' and ``genetically modified (GM) crop'' are used interchangeably. The current term of ``genetically modified organism'' (GMO) is also used for transgenics in general.	255
	2 An Uneven Expansion of Transgenic Crops Around the World and inthe USA: The Importance of Herbicide-Tolerant Soybean	255
	3 Agro-Economic Advantages of Herbicide-Tolerant Soybean for US Farmers	257
	3.1 Agro-Economic Advantages that Compensate for the Drawbacks	257
	3.2 Transgenic Soybean Is of Variable, Quite Often Positive, Economic Interest	259
	4 Impacts of the Expansion of Soybean on the Use of Herbicides	259
	4.1 Questions on Sources and Methods	259
	4.2 Rapid Growth in the Use of Glyphosate Progressively Replacing a Large Majority of Former Herbicides	260
	4.3 Environmental Impacts	262
	4.4 Appearance of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds	263
	5 Some Technological Prospects of Transgenic Soybean Over the Next Few Years	263
	6 Conclusion	265
	6.1 Herbicide-Tolerant Soybean: Adoption Factors and Impacts on Herbicide Use	265
	6.2 Assessment of the Impacts of Transgenic Crops: Methods and Issues	266
	6.3 The First Decade of Transgenic Crops and Its Assessment	266
	References	267
	Part III Biodiversity	270
	Small Eats Big: Ecology and Diversity of Bdellovibrio and Like Organisms, and their Dynamics in Predator-Prey Interactions	271
	1 The Wonders of Bacterial Predation	271
	1.1 Survival of Bacterial Predators	272
	1.2 Environmental Niches	273
	1.3 BLO Diversity	273
	2 Dancing with the Wolves: Dynamics of Prey-Predator Interactions	275
	2.1 BLOs as Biocontrol Agents of Phytopathogens	275
	2.2 Preying Behavior at High and Low Predator Prey Ratios	275
	References	279
	Identification of Traits Implicated in the Rhizosphere Competence of Fluorescent Pseudomonads: Description of a Strategy Based on Population and Model Strain Studies	281
	1 Introduction	281
	2 Comparison of the Diversity of Populations from Rhizospheric and Bulk Soils	283
	3 Evaluation of the Involvement of Nitrate Reductase and Pyoverdine in the Rhizosphere Competence of a Model Strain	285
	4 Identification of Bacterial Traits Shared by Rhizosphere Competent Populations	285
	5 Discussion	287
	References	289
	Progress in Mechanisms of Mutual Effect between Plants and the Environment	293
	1 Introduction	294
	2 A General Model for the Stress Signal Transduction Pathway in Higher Plants	294
	3 Multiplicity of Higher Plant Stress Signals	297
	4 Functional Analysis of Stress Signal Transducti and Related Stress-responsive Genes	297
	5 Environmental Stress-responsive Transcriptional Elements	299
	6 Conclusion	299
	References	301
	Biodiversity: Function and Assessment in Agricultural Areas: A Review	305
	1 Introduction	306
	2 Biodiversity as a Multi-Function	306
	2.1 Patrimonial Functions	308
	2.1.1 Aesthetic Function	308
	2.1.2 Patrimonial Function at Other Scales	310
	2.2 Agronomical Functions	310
	2.2.1 Biotic Stress Resistance	311
	2.2.2 Abiotic Stress Resistance	311
	2.2.3 Pollination	312
	2.2.4 Crop and Animal Production	312
	2.3 Ecological Functions	313
	2.3.1 Habitats	313
	2.3.2 Specific Species	313
	2.3.3 Ecosystem Processes and Nutrient Cycling	313
	3 Biodiversity Assessment	314
	3.1 Direct Measures of Biodiversity	315
	3.1.1 Simple Indexes	315
	3.1.2 Biotic Indicators	315
	3.2 Evaluation of Biodiversity Functions by Models	316
	3.2.1 Modelling Approaches Considering Life Beings as Dynamic Systems	316
	3.2.2 Models Predicting the Threatening Level of Natural Resource	316
	3.2.3 Models Based on Life Traits	318
	3.3 Surrogate Measures of Biodiversity: Landscape Metrics	318
	3.4 Agro-Ecological Indicators	319
	4 Conclusion	319
	References	319
	Mixing Plant Species in Cropping Systems: Concepts, Tools and Models: A Review	324
	1 Introduction	324
	1.1 Intensive Monocultures vs. Multispecies Systems	324
	1.2 New Issues	325
	2 Benefits and Drawbacks of Mixing Plant Species	325
	2.1 The Role of Biodiversity in Ecosystems	325
	2.2 The Different Ways to Mix Plant Species in Cropping Systems	326
	2.3 Advantages of Mixing Species	326
	2.3.1 Effects on Stability	326
	2.3.2 Effects on Yield and Quality	329
	2.3.3 Effects on Pests and Diseases	329
	2.3.4 Environmental Impacts	329
	2.3.5 Economic Profitability	331
	3 Concepts and Tools Needed for Understanding and Designing Multispecies Systems	332
	3.1 The Conceptual Frameworks of Agronomy and Ecology	332
	3.1.1 The Framework Provided by Agronomists	332
	3.1.2 The Framework Provided by Ecologists	333
	3.2 Measuring Multispecies System Productivity	334
	3.3 Resource Sharing in Multispecies Systems	335
	3.3.1 The Principle of Competition vs. Facilitation	335
	3.3.2 Aboveground Competition for Light	335
	3.3.3 Belowground Competition for Water and Nutrients	336
	3.3.4 Intercrop and Resources	336
	3.4 Biological Interactions	337
	3.4.1 Interactions with Weeds	337
	3.4.2 Interactions Between Crop Mixtures and Diseases and Pests	338
	4 Modelling Plant Mixtures	338
	4.1 The State of the Art	338
	4.1.1 Modelling is the Only Way to go with Multispecies Systems	339
	4.1.2 Modelling Interspecific Relationships	339
	4.1.3 A Review of Current Multispecies System Models	339
	4.2 Future Directions in Modelling Plant Mixtures	342
	4.2.1 Designing an Appropriate Working Environment to Deal with Spatial and Temporal Patterns	342
	4.2.2 Challenges Related to the Level of Process Description in Mechanistic Models	342
	5 Conclusion	343
	References	343
	Saffron, An Alternative Crop for Sustainable Agricultural Systems: A Review	349
	1 Introduction	349
	2 Origin and Distribution	350
	3 Genetic Traits	351
	4 Description	352
	4.1 Morphology	352
	4.2 Biology and Physiology	353
	5 Adaptation	353
	5.1 Climate	353
	5.2 Soil	354
	6 Management Techniques	354
	6.1 General	354
	6.2 Corm Planting (Methods, Rate and Time) and Harvesting	355
	6.3 Crop Rotation	355
	6.4 Fertilising	356
	6.5 Irrigation	356
	6.6 Weed Control	356
	6.7 Harvesting and Separating	356
	6.8 Mechanisation	357
	6.9 Drying and Storage of Stigmas	357
	6.10 Flower Yield	358
	6.11 Pests and Disease	358
	7 Qualitative Characteristics of Stigmas	358
	7.1 Chemistry of Saffron: Secondary Metabolites	358
	7.2 Minor Components of Saffron	360
	7.3 Biosynthesis: Argumentation on the Synthetic Pathways	360
	7.4 Evaluation of Quality: Aroma, Bitter Taste and Colouring Power According to ISO Norm	362
	7.5 Evaluation of Quality. Analytical Methods in the Analysis of Saffron: Chromatographic Methods, UV--Vis (Ultaviolet Visible) and Fluorescence Detection	363
	7.6 Other Methods of Analysis	364
	7.7 Adulterations	364
	7.8 Biological Properties: Use in Folk Medicine and in Modern Clinical Trials	364
	8 Conclusions and Prospects of Saffron	365
	References	367
	Digital Imaging Information Technology Applied to Seed Germination Testing: A Review	371
	1 Introduction	371
	2 Image Processing in Seed Germination Testing	372
	2.1 Seed Dimension and Shape Changes During Imbibition: Searching for a Pattern	372
	2.2 The Case of Brassica Seed Germination: A Model for Image Analysis Application	373
	2.3 Information Flow Generated by the Computer Imaging Process	375
	3 Red--Green--Blue Colour Space Evaluation in Seed Digital Images	376
	3.1 The Case of Lentil Seed: From Two-Dimensional Digital Imaging to Three-Dimensional Surface Simulation	376
	3.2 Red--Green--Blue Data as Markers of Seed Viability	378
	4 Perspective of Imaging Information Technology as a Tool in Seed Science and Technology	379
	5 Conclusion	380
	References	381
	Part IV Alternative Control	383
	Managing Weeds with a Dualistic Approach of Prevention and Control: A Review	384
	1 Introduction	384
	1.1 Weed Community in the Semiarid Steppe	385
	2 Prevention: Reducing Weed Community Density	385
	2.1 Arranging Cool-season and Warm-season Crops in Rotation	385
	2.2 No-till Interacts with Rotation Design to Affect Weed Density	386
	2.3 Competitive Crop Canopies Reduce Weed Growth and Seed Production	387
	3 Prevention: Improving Crop Tolerance to Weed Interference	388
	4 Control: Benefits Gained with Prevention Tactics	389
	4.1 Improved Herbicide Performance	389
	4.2 Reduced Input Costs	389
	4.3 Cultural Tactics as Alternatives to Herbicides	389
	4.4 Ancillary Benefits for Managing Other Pests	390
	5 The Dualistic Approach to Weed Management	390
	References	390
	Mechanical Destruction of Weeds: A Review	392
	1 Introduction	392
	2 Ways in Which Implements Work in Relation to the Characteristics of Regenerating Organs	394
	2.1 The Weed Plants and the Organs Responsible for Regeneration	394
	2.1.1 Surface Regenerating Organs	394
	2.1.2 Underground Regenerating Organs	394
	2.1.3 Dormant Regenerating Organs	395
	2.1.4 Special Case of Plantlets	395
	2.2 Ways in Which Implements Work and Type of Damage Inflicted	395
	2.3 Impact on the Plant	396
	3 Destruction and Organs Likely to Regenerate	396
	3.1 Eradication of Organs Capable of Regenerating	397
	3.1.1 Principles	397
	3.1.2 Tolerance	398
	3.1.3 Combinations of Different Methods of Eradication	400
	3.1.4 Dormant Vegetative Organs	400
	3.2 Lethal Damage	400
	3.2.1 Principles	400
	3.2.2 Tolerance	401
	4 Conclusion	401
	References	402
	Sustainable Pest Management for Cotton Production: A Review	404
	1 Introduction	405
	2 Cotton Crop Losses and Key Pests	406
	2.1 Cotton Production: Cultivation Systems and Harvest Losses	406
	2.2 Diversity and Development of the Pest Complex in Cotton	407
	2.3 Cotton Phenology, Compensatory Growth and Risk Analysis	408
	3 The Chemical Cotton Pest Control Paradigm	410
	3.1 The Pesticide Treadmill	410
	3.2 The Staggered Targeted Control System, A Step Towards Integrated Control of Cotton Pests	411
	3.3 Conventional Cotton Crop Protection at the Crossroads	413
	4 Integrated Cotton Pest Management	414
	4.1 Eradication--Suppression Strategy, or Total Cotton Pest Management	414
	4.2 Cotton Pest Integrated Control, An Unaccomplished Concept	414
	4.3 Cotton Pest Insecticide Resistance Management and the `Window Strategy'	415
	5 Biologically Based Integrated Cotton Pest Management	416
	5.1 Biotech Cotton: Springboard to IPM or Another `Technological Fix'?	417
	5.2 Conservation Biological Control of Cotton Pests, Another Challenge?	419
	5.3 Varietal Selection, Cultural Practices and New Agronomic Systems	420
	6 Agro-ecology and Ecological Engineering for Cotton Pest Control	422
	6.1 Area-wide and Community-based Cotton Pest Management	423
	6.2 Farmscaping, Landscape Farming, Habitat Management and Cotton Intercropping	424
	6.3 Biodiversity, Biocomplexity and the Future of Cotton Pest Management	425
	7 Conclusion	426
	References	428
	Role of Nutrients in Controlling Plant Diseases in Sustainable Agriculture: A Review	436
	1 Introduction	436
	2 Nutrition and Disease Control and Role of Nutrients in Reducing Disease Severity	438
	2.1 Nitrogen	438
	2.2 Potassium	440
	2.3 Phosphorus	441
	2.4 Calcium	442
	2.5 Other Nutrients	442
	2.6 Micronutrients	442
	2.6.1 Manganese	442
	2.6.2 Zinc	443
	2.6.3 Boron	443
	2.6.4 Iron	444
	2.6.5 Chlorine	444
	2.6.6 Silicon	445
	3 Nutrient Management and Disease control	445
	3.1 Examples of Disease Control by Nutrients	445
	4 Use of cultural methods in improving plant nutrition and disease resistance	446
	4.1 Soil Organic Matter	446
	4.2 Crop Rotation and Cover Crops	447
	4.3 Intercropping	448
	4.4 Soil Tillage	448
	5 Systemic Induced Resistance or Systemic Acquired Resistance	448
	6 Future Perspectives	449
	7 Conclusion	450
	References	450
	Crop Protection, Biological Control, Habitat Management and Integrated Farming	454
	1 Introduction	454
	2 Crop Protection: Control or Management	455
	3 The Ecological Basis of Crop Protection	456
	3.1 The Population--Environment System	457
	3.2 The Dynamic Equilibrium of Populations	457
	4 Biological Control: Results and Prospects	458
	4.1 Benefits and Risks	458
	4.2 Environmental Management, a Preliminary and Necessary Step?	459
	5 Crop Protection and Integrated Farming	461
	6 Conclusion	461
	References	461
	Using Grassed Strips to Limit Pesticide Transfer to Surface Water: A Review	464
	1 Introduction	464
	2 Variation in Interception Performance of Grassed Strips	465
	2.1 Mechanisms of Interception	469
	2.1.1 Infiltration	469
	2.1.2 Sedimentation	470
	2.1.3 Dilution	470
	2.1.4 Adsorption	470
	2.2 Major Properties of Grassed Strips Influencing Interception	471
	2.2.1 Infiltration	471
	2.2.2 Sedimentation	471
	2.2.3 Adsorption	472
	2.3 Temporal Changes in Interception Effectiveness	473
	2.4 Knowledge Needs About Interception Performance	473
	3 Fate of Pesticides Intercepted by a Grassed System	474
	3.1 Degradation of Infiltrated Products	474
	3.2 Deep Percolation of the Compounds	475
	3.3 Subsurface Lateral Transport	476
	3.4 Knowledge Needs About Pesticide Fate in Grassed Strips	477
	4 Numerical Modelling of the Functioning of Grassed Strips	477
	5 Recommendations for the Installation of Grassed Strips	478
	5.1 Locating Grassed Systems in a Watershed	479
	5.2 Sizing of the Strip	480
	6 Conclusion	481
	References	482
	Part V Alternative Fertilisation	485
	Recycling Biosolids and Lake-Dredged Materials to Pasture-based Animal Agriculture: Alternative Nutrient Sources for Forage Productivity and Sustainability: A Review	486
	1 Introduction	486
	1.1 Lake-Dredged Materials	488
	1.1.1 Beneficial Use Alternatives of Lake-Dredged Materials: Examples	490
	1.2 Sewage Sludge or Biosolids	490
	1.2.1 Biosolids as Nutrient Source	492
	1.2.2 Potential Problems: Fertilizing with Biosolids	492
	2 Biosolids and Lake-Dredged Materials Recycling to Pasture-based Agriculture: Research Perspectives (Florida Experiences)	493
	2.1 Lake-Dredged Materials	493
	2.1.1 Experimental Design and Methods	493
	2.2 Highlights: Research Results and Discussion	493
	2.2.1 Effects on Soil Compaction	493
	2.2.2 Effects on Soil Chemical Properties	495
	2.2.3 Effects on Forage Yield	496
	2.2.4 Effects on Crude Protein Content	498
	2.3 Biosolids	499
	2.3.1 Research Highlights: Cumulative and Residual Effects of Repeated Biosolids Applications	499
	2.3.2 Effects on Soil Chemical Properties	502
	3 Summary and Conclusions	505
	4 Research Direction and Outlook	506
	References	507
	Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legume Nodules: Process and Signaling: A Review	509
	1 Introduction	510
	2 Invading the Plant	510
	2.1 Detection of and Response to Host-released Signals by Members of Rhizobiaceae	510
	2.2 Host Detection During Nodule Formation	511
	2.3 Early Signals from Legume to Rhizobia	511
	2.4 Structure and Function of Flavonoids	511
	2.5 Reverse Signals from Rhizobia to Legume Roots -- the Chitolipooligosaccharide Nod Factors	512
	2.6 Structure and Function of Nod Factors	512
	2.7 Transcriptional Regulators of Nod Genes	512
	2.8 Nod Factor (NF) Signaling in Root Epidermis	513
	2.9 Ion Fluctuations	514
	2.10 Calcium Flux and Spiking	514
	2.11 Rhizobial-induced Gene Expression in Plants for Nodule Organogenesis	514
	3 Infection and Nodule Organogenesis	515
	3.1 Root Hair Curling	515
	3.2 Bacteroid Formation	515
	3.3 Symbiosome	516
	4 Conclusions and Future Prospects	516
	References	516
	Factors Responsible for Nitrate Accumulation: A Review	522
	1 Introduction	522
	2 Vegetables as a Source of Nitrate	523
	3 Factors Responsible for Nitrate Accumulation	524
	3.1 Nutritional Factors	524
	3.2 Environmental Factors	526
	3.3 Physiological Factors	527
	3.3.1 Genotypic Variability	527
	3.3.2 Nitrate Distribution Within the Plant	528
	3.3.3 Diurnal Effects	528
	4 Effect of Nitrate Ingestion on Human Health	531
	4.1 Adverse Effects	531
	4.2 Beneficial Effects	532
	5 Conclusions	533
	References	534
	Role of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture -- A Review	539
	1 Introduction	539
	2 Urgent Need for Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms in Plant Phosphate Nutrition	540
	3 Nature of Phosphatic Biofertilizers	540
	3.1 Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms	541
	3.1.1 Search for Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms	541
	3.1.2 Mechanism of Phosphate Solubilization -- An Overview	542
	3.1.3 Production of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganism Inoculants	543
	3.2 Mycorrhizae	544
	4 Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms as Inoculants for Sustainable Agriculture	545
	5 How is Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms Applied?	546
	6 Factors Affecting the Survival of Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganism Inoculants	546
	7 Crop Response to Composite Inoculations	546
	7.1 Interaction between Phosphate Solubilizing and Nitrogen Fixing Organisms	547
	7.2 Symbioses between Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganism and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi	550
	7.3 Tripartite Symbioses between Nitrogen Fixers, Phosphate Solubilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi	551
	8 Why Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganism Inoculations Fail?	551
	9 Application of Genetic Engineering in Developing Super Phosphate Solubilizing Microbial Inoculants	552
	10 Conclusion	553
	References	554
	Iron and Zinc Biofortification Strategies in Dicot Plants by Intercropping with Gramineous Species: A Review	559
	1 Introduction	560
	2 Improvement of Fe and Zn Uptake by Intercropping	560
	2.1 Improvement of Fe and Zn Uptake in Peanut by Rhizosphere Effects from Maize in Intercropping	560
	2.2 Improvement of Fe and Zn Uptake in Plants in Intercropping of Chickpea/Wheat by Interspecific Root Interactions	562
	3 Strategies for Fe and Zn Uptake in Plants	564
	3.1 Physiological Responses to Increase Fe and Zn Uptake in Plant Species	564
	3.2 Molecular Regulation of Fe and Zn Homeostasis in Plants	564
	4 The Mechanism of Improvement of Fe and Zn Uptake in Intercropping	565
	4.1 The Potential Role of Phytosiderophores from Graminaceous Plants in Improvement of Fe and Zn Nutrition of Dicot Plants	565
	4.2 Ferric Reductase Capacity for Improvement of Fe and Zn Uptake in Intercropped Dicot Plants	566
	5 Conclusion	568
	References	568
	Soil Exploration and Resource Acquisition by Plant Roots: An Architectural and Modelling Point of View	571
	1 Introduction	571
	2 Roots Systems as a Response to the Heterogeneous Distribution of Resources and Soil Constraints to Root Growth	572
	2.1 Soil Water and Nutrients Heterogeneity in Time and Space in Soils	572
	2.2 Heterogeneity of Soil Constraints to Root Growth	573
	2.3 Roots and Root System Architecture	574
	3 A Quantitative View of Soil Exploration by Root Systems	576
	3.1 Modelling of Root System Architectures	576
	3.1.1 Static Modelling of Root Systems	576
	3.1.2 Dynamic Modelling of Root Systems	576
	3.1.3 Modelling of the Interactions between Root Systems and Their Environment	577
	3.2 Using Architectural Models to Quantify Soil Exploration by Root Systems	578
	4 From Soil Exploration to Resource Acquisition	581
	4.1 Variations in Root Properties	581
	4.1.1 Variations among Root Types	581
	4.1.2 Variations along Roots	581
	4.2 Root System Plasticity and Uptake Optimisation	582
	5 Conclusion	584
	References	585
	Methods for Studying Root Colonization by Introduced Beneficial Bacteria	589
	1 Introduction	589
	2 Markers Used for Tracking Introduced Bacteria	590
	2.1 Serological Markers	591
	2.2 Molecular Markers	591
	2.2.1 Antibiotic Resistance	591
	2.2.2 Chromogenic Markers	591
	2.2.3 Luminescent Markers: luxAB and luc genes	592
	2.2.4 Fluorescent Markers: Stable and Unstable Green Fluorescent Protein	592
	2.2.5 Specific Primers and Oligonucleotidic Probes	593
	3 Methods to Quantify Densities of Introduced Bacteria	593
	3.1 Culture-Dependent Methods	593
	3.2 Culture-Independent Methods	594
	3.2.1 Serological Methods	595
	3.2.2 Molecular Methods: Detection of Nucleic Acids	595
	3.2.3 Cytological Method: Flow Cytometry	596
	4 Methods to Characterize Distribution and Localization of Introduced Bacteria	596
	5 Conclusions and Perspectives	599
	References	600
	Part VI New Farming Systems	604
	Sustainable Urban Agriculture in Developing Countries: A Review	605
	1 Introduction	605
	2 Urban Agriculture and Urban Population Growth	606
	2.1 Farmers Will Live in Towns	606
	2.2 Urban Agriculture Will Provide Employment	607
	2.3 Livelihoods and the Informal Sector	607
	3 Marketing and Multi-functionality of Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture	609
	3.1 The Food-Supplying Role of Urban Agriculture	609
	3.2 The Characteristics and Advantages of Proximity in Market Supply	610
	3.3 The Case for Public Support for Multi-functional Urban Agriculture	611
	4 Urban Agricultural Production Techniques	613
	4.1 Technical Agricultural Requirements for Production in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas	613
	4.2 What Inputs Are Used in Urban Agriculture?	613
	4.3 Pollution of the Environment	615
	4.4 The Use of Pesticides	615
	4.5 Is There a Future for Specific Techniques in Urban Agriculture?	615
	5 Conclusion	616
	References	616
	Nitrogen, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security: A Review	620
	1 Introduction	620
	2 Food Security, and Land and Nitrogen Use	622
	3 Nitrogen Use, Crop Growth and Yield	623
	3.1 Nitrogen, Photosynthesis and Plant Growth	624
	3.2 Synchronization of N Demand and N Supply	624
	4 Primary Productivityand Biodiversity	626
	5 Nitrogen Use at the Farmand Global Levels	627
	5.1 Arable Cropping Systems	627
	5.2 Mixed Farming Systems	628
	5.3 Organic Agriculture	629
	6 Environment and N Management	629
	6.1 Plant--Soil--Atmosphere	630
	6.2 Scale and Systems	630
	6.3 Policy-Making and Regulation	631
	7 Conclusion	631
	References	632
	Conversion to Organic Farming: A Multidimensional Research Objectat the Crossroads of Agricultural and Social Sciences -- A Review	637
	1 Introduction and Short Retrospective	637
	2 Methods Applied to Analysing Conversion in Agricultural and Social Sciences	639
	2.1 Studies Comparing Organic Farming with Other Forms of Agriculture	639
	2.2 Longitudinal Studies Specific to Organic Farming	641
	2.3 The Necessity of Long-term and Farm-Scale Studies to Analyse the Dynamics of Conversion	642
	2.4 In the Social Sciences: Towards the Analysis of Trajectories and Transitional Processes	643
	3 Conversion as a Transition Model for Agriculture	645
	3.1 Organic Farming Paradigms: Between Input Substitution and System Redesign	646
	3.2 The Case of Organic Farming as an Indicator of Society Questioning Agriculture and Food Models	649
	3.3 Beyond Disciplinary Divisions: The Study of Transitions in Agriculture	650
	4 Conclusions	651
	References	652
	Triggering Transitions Towards Sustainable Development of the Dutch Agricultural Sector: TransForum's Approach	657
	1 Introduction	657
	1.1 Analytical Framework of TransForum	658
	1.1.1 Sustainable Development is a Dynamic System Property	658
	1.1.2 Sustainable Development Needs System Innovation	658
	1.1.3 System Innovation Is a Non-linearLearning Process	659
	1.1.4 System Innovation RequiresMulti Stakeholder Approach	659
	1.1.5 TransForum Approach Requires Transdisciplinarity	660
	2 Transforum's Practice Program	660
	2.1 Three Main Innovation Strategies	660
	2.1.1 Innovation Strategy ``Vital Clusters''	660
	2.1.2 Innovation Strategy ``Regional Development''	661
	2.1.3 Innovation Strategy ``International Agro-Food Networks''	661
	2.1.4 Practice Projects in Each Innovation Strategy	661
	2.2 The Supporting Role of Science and Knowledge	662
	2.3 Knowledge Development	664
	3 Transforum's Scientific Program	664
	3.1 Science Process	665
	3.2 Science Contents	665
	3.2.1 Theme 1: Images of Sustainable Development	666
	3.2.2 Theme 2: Inventions for Sustainable Development	667
	3.2.3 Theme 3: Organisation of Innovations and Transitions	667
	3.2.4 Theme 4: Mobilisation of Demand for Sustainable Products, Services and Experiences	667
	4 Conclusion	668
	References	668
	Spatialising Crop Models	670
	1 Introduction	670
	2 Crop Model and Scale	671
	2.1 Main Characteristics of Crop Models	671
	2.2 Some Examples to Illustrate the Whys and Wherefores	672
	2.3 Characteristic Scales of Crop Modelling Applications	672
	3 Main Aspects of Spatialisation Methods	678
	3.1 Determining Input Data Throughout the Extent	678
	3.1.1 Environmental Data	678
	3.1.2 Management Data	680
	3.2 Accounting the Interactions Between Field Plots	681
	3.3 Evaluating the Simulated Results	682
	4 With Regard to Scale Change	683
	5 By Way of Conclusion	685
	References	686
	Iterative Design and Evaluation of Rule-Based Cropping Systems: Methodology and Case Studies -- A Review	689
	1 Introduction	689
	2 A Common Approach of the Rule-Based Cropping System Experiments	691
	3 Application to Three Case Studies: Objectives, Treatments and Layouts of the Corresponding ``Cropping System'' Experiments	692
	3.1 The Toulouse Experiment (1995--2002)	692
	3.2 The Versailles Experiment (1999--)	693
	3.3 The Dijon Experiment (2000--)	694
	4 Specific Methodological Choices in Each Experiment	695
	4.1 Toulouse Experiment	695
	4.2 Versailles Experiment	698
	4.3 Dijon Experiment	700
	5 Common Methodological Bottlenecks and Ways of Improvement	702
	6 Conclusion	704
	References	704
	Agri-Environmental Indicators to Assess Cropping and Farming Systems: A Review	707
	1 Introduction	707
	2 Overview of Agri-Environmental Indicators	708
	3 Methodological Issues for Designing Agri-Environmental Indicators	710
	3.1 Preliminary Choices and Assumptions	710
	3.2 Indicator Design	710
	3.2.1 Nature of the Indicator Outputs	710
	3.2.2 Model-Based Indicators	711
	3.2.3 Qualitative Approach	712
	3.3 The Setting of a Reference Value	712
	3.4 Two Examples of Indicators to Assess Nitrogen Losses	712
	4 Evaluation of an Indicator	713
	4.1 Sensitivity Analysis	713
	4.2 Evaluation of the Quality of an Indicator	713
	4.2.1 Evaluation of the Indicator Design	713
	4.2.2 Evaluation of the Indicator Output	713
	4.2.3 Evaluation by End-Users	715
	5 Discussion	715
	6 Conclusion	717
	References	717
	Methodological Progress in On-Farm Regional Agronomic Diagnosis: A Review	721
	1 Introduction	721
	2 Overview of the Regional Agronomic Diagnosis Approach	722
	2.1 Explaining the Variability in Cropping System Performances on the Regional Scale	722
	2.2 Applying a Functional Analysis to a Set of Farmers' Fields	723
	2.3 Designing the Field Network	723
	2.4 Characterising Crop and Environment Status	723
	2.5 Analysing the Data	724
	3 Methodological Improvements	724
	3.1 New Variables of Agronomic Interest as Subjects for Regional Agronomic Diagnosis	724
	3.1.1 Productive Function	724
	3.1.2 Non-productive Functions	724
	3.1.3 Methodological Consequences	725
	3.2 Data Analysis Methods	726
	3.2.1 Estimation of Potential Yield and Potential Yield Components	726
	3.2.2 Choice of Relevant Indicators	726
	3.2.3 Methods for Establishing Quantitative Relationships Between Limiting Factors, Indicators and Yield in a Field Network	727
	3.3 Connecting RAD to Other Research and Development (R&D) Actions	728
	3.3.1 Implications for the RAD Framework	728
	3.3.2 Value of Combining RAD with Additional Research Work	728
	3.3.3 Exchanges with Farmers in RAD	729
	4 Discussion	729
	5 Conclusion	731
	References	731
	Ex ante Assessment of the Sustainability of Alternative Cropping Systems: Implications for Using Multi-criteria Decision-Aid Methods -- A Review	735
	1 Introduction	735
	2 Overview and Taxonomy of Multiple Criteria Decision-Aid Methods	737
	2.1 Multi-attribute Utility Methods	737
	2.2 Outranking Methods	738
	2.3 Mixed Methods	738
	3 Selection of Multiple Criteria Decision-Aid Methods for Ex ante Assessment of the Sustainability of Cropping Systems	739
	3.1 Relevance of MODM Methods	739
	3.2 Criteria for Selecting Relevant MADM Methods	739
	3.2.1 Multi-attribute Utility Methods	740
	3.2.2 Outranking Methods	741
	3.2.3 Mixed Methods	742
	4 General Discussion	743
	4.1 Bibliographic Survey and Selection of MCDA Methods: Difficulties Encountered	743
	4.2 Relevance of the Considered MCDA Taxonomy and Selection Criteria	743
	4.2.1 MADM Vs. MODM	744
	4.2.2 Selection from MADM Methods	744
	4.3 Recommended Next Steps	745
	References	746
	Comparison of Methods to Assess the Sustainability of Agricultural Systems: A Review	750
	1 Introduction	750
	2 Presentation of the Four Case Studies: Context and Method of Comparison	751
	2.1 Comparison of Indicators Assessing Nitrogen Losses	751
	2.1.1 Context of the Work	751
	2.1.2 Method of Comparison	752
	2.2 Comparison of 43 Pesticide Risk Indicators	752
	2.2.1 Context of the Work	752
	2.2.2 Method of Comparison	752
	2.3 Comparison of Five Assessment Methods of Sustainability in France	752
	2.3.1 Context of the Work	752
	2.3.2 Method of Comparison	753
	2.4 Comparison of Four Farm Management Tools in the Upper Rhine Plain (COMETE Project)	753
	2.4.1 Context of the Work	753
	2.4.2 Method of Comparison	754
	3 Main Results of the Four Case Studies	755
	3.1 Comparison of Indicators Assessing Nitrogen Losses	755
	3.2 Comparison of 43 Pesticide Risk Indicators	756
	3.3 Comparison of Five Assessment Methods of Sustainability in France	756
	3.4 Comparison of Four Farm Management Tools in the Upper Rhine Plain (COMETE Project)	759
	4 Discussion	761
	5 Conclusion	763
	References	764
	Soil-Erosion and Runoff Prevention by Plant Covers: A Review	766
	1 Introduction	766
	2 Impact of Erosion on Soil Productivity	768
	2.1 Climate and Soil Erosion	768
	2.2 Soil Seal and Crust Development	769
	2.3 Carbon Losses from Soils	770
	3 Land Use and Soil Erosion	771
	3.1 Soil Loss in Agricultural Lands	772
	3.2 Shrub and Forest Lands	774
	3.3 Impact of Erosion in the Mediterranean Terraced Lands	776
	4 Impact of Plant Covers on Soil Erosion	778
	4.1 Mediterranean Characteristics Affecting Vegetation	779
	4.2 Plant Roots and Erosion Control	781
	4.2.1 The Effect of Roots on Soil Properties	783
	4.3 Plant Cover and Biodiversity	784
	5 Conclusion	785
	References	786
	Integration of Soil Structure Variations with Time and Space into Models for Crop Management: A Review	793
	1 Introduction	793
	2 Integrating Spatial Variation in Soil Structure into Water Transfer Models	794
	3 Taking into Account the Temporal Variation in Soil Structure	797
	3.1 An Indicator of Soil Structure Dynamics	797
	3.2 Time Course Changes in Soil Structure	797
	3.3 Modelling Temporal Changes in Soil Structure	799
	3.3.1 Principles of the Model	799
	3.3.2 Evaluation and Use of the Model for Designing Crop Management Systems	800
	4 Conclusion	801
	References	801
	Management of Grazing Systems: From Decision and Biophysical Models to Principles for Action	803
	1 Introduction	803
	2 Re-thinking and Diversifying Production Systems in Grazing Management	805
	2.1 A Model to Render Decision-Making Processes Intelligible	805
	2.2 Choosing and Combining Different Grazing Management Practices on Different Time-Scales	807
	3 Some Teaching from Applied Ecology to Rethinking Grazing Management	808
	3.1 Integrated Models of the Effects of Fertilisation and Defoliation on the Characteristics of Vegetation	809
	3.1.1 Grazing Pressure Increases the Grazing Efficiency but Decreases Nutrient Use Efficiency	809
	3.1.2 Flexibility in Grazing Management Depends on N Fertilizer Supply Related to Animal Performance and N Excretion Targets	810
	3.1.3 Biodiversity of Natural or Semi-Natural Grasslands Depends on the Intensity of Defoliation and the Availability of Mineral Nutrients	810
	3.2 Definition of Different Modes of Grazing Management	812
	3.2.1 Decreasing Fertilizer Input and Defoliation Regime: Two Ways to De-intensify Grasslands	812
	3.2.2 Managing Defoliation for Its Immediate and Deferred Effects	814
	4 Approaches to Conceiving Decision Aid at Farm Level	814
	4.1 Principles for System Design and Planning the Agricultural Year	815
	4.2 Consequences on Decision Support With or Without Formal DSS	816
	5 Conclusion: An Approach to Functional Integrity	817
	References	820
	Part VII Pollutants in Agrosystems	823
	Cadmium in Soils and Cereal Grains After Sewage-Sludge Application on French Soils: A Review	824
	1 Introduction	824
	2 Indicators for Impact Assessment	825
	2.1 Total Trace Element Contents in Soil and Soil--Plant Transfer	826
	2.2 Trace Element Determination in Plant Organs and ``Partial'' Extraction	826
	3 Spreading Huge Volumes of Sludge with High Trace Element Contents During the 1970s and 1980s	827
	3.1 Sludge from the Achères Plant Spread in the Vexin Area	827
	3.2 The Experiment in Bézu-le-Guéry	827
	3.3 First Trials at the La Bouzule Experimental Farm (Lorraine)	827
	3.4 Experiments at the Couhins Experimental Farm (INRA, Bordeaux)	828
	4 Spreading Cadmium-Rich Sewage Sludge in the Limousin Region	829
	5 Spreading of Sewage Sludge Over Farmland Complying with French Regulations	830
	5.1 AGREDE-QUASAR Research Programme	830
	5.2 Difficulties of Soil Monitoring: The Barneau and Bouy Experiments (SEDE (1999--2003))	831
	5.3 Other Experiments	832
	6 Conclusion	833
	References	834
	Mobility, Turnover and Storage of Pollutants in Soils, Sedimentsand Waters: Achievements and Results of the EU ProjectAquaTerra -- A Review	836
	1 Introduction	836
	2 Consortium and Project Structure and Their Organisation	838
	3 Objectives of the Work and General Achievements	838
	3.1 Diffuse Pollution and Hotspots, Logistics for Fieldwork, Provision of Data in Collaboration with Other Subprojects Through the Subproject BASIN	839
	3.2 Climatic Variability and Change, Water Balances, Hydrological Input Data and Their Processing: The HYDRO Sub-project	841
	3.3 Novel Analytical Methods and Their Application with Focus on Emerging- and Priority Pollutants	841
	3.4 Transport, Storage and Turnover of Organic and Metal Pollutants: A Summary from the Subproject BIOGEOCHEM	842
	3.5 Pollutant Input, Fluxes and Exchanges Between Compartments	843
	3.6 Temporal Spatial Soil and Groundwater Developments and Their Numerical Tracing	844
	3.7 Modeling Hydrological and Pollutant Transport and Software Development	845
	3.8 Integrating Socio-economic Outcomes and Policy Interactions	846
	4 Conclusion	846
	References	848
	Effect of Metal Toxicity on Plant Growth and Metabolism: I. Zinc	851
	1 Introduction	851
	2 Zinc Toxicity	852
	2.1 Effect on Germination	852
	2.2 Effect on Root	852
	2.3 Effect on Reproductive Growth	852
	2.4 Effect on Plant Physiology and Morphology	853
	3 Differential Zinc Tolerance in Plants	853
	3.1 Differential Tolerance In vitro and In vivo	853
	4 Effect of Zinc on Nuclear Activity	854
	5 Effect of Zinc on Metabolism	855
	6 Zinc Uptake and Transport	855
	6.1 Mechanisms Involved in Zn Tolerance	857
	7 Phytotoxicity	857
	7.1 Phytotoxicity and Its Interaction with Other Nutrients	857
	7.2 Phytotoxicity and Its Interaction with Other Heavy Metals	858
	8 Conclusion	858
	References	859
	Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants Using Mycorrhizal Plants: A New Aspect of Rhizosphere Interactions	863
	1 Introduction	863
	1.1 Phytoremediation	863
	1.2 Organic Pollutants	864
	1.3 Mycorrhizas	864
	2 Experimental Evidence	865
	2.1 Rhizosphere Effects	865
	2.2 Mycorrhizal Effects -- Plant Growth	866
	2.3 Mycorrhizal Effects -- Degradation	867
	2.4 Mycorrhizal Extension of the Rhizosphere	869
	3 Conclusions	869
	References	870
	Index	873