Preface	8
	Acknowledgements	9
	Contents	10
	1 Introduction to Synthetic Polymers	22
	1.1 Definition of Polymers	22
	1.2 Chemical Categories of Polymers	24
	1.3 Physical Categories of Polymers	31
	1.4 Statistical Distributions	34
	1.5 Properties and Applications	38
	Review Questions for Chapter 1	40
	2 Polymer Chemistry	42
	2.1 Introduction	42
	2.2 Thermoplastics and Thermosets	42
	2.3 Chain Growth Polymerization of Thermoplastics	43
	2.4 Step Growth Thermoplastic Polymers	53
	2.5 Comparison of Chain Growth and Step GrowthPolymers	56
	2.6 Commercial Methods of Thermoplastic Polymerization	57
	2.7 Polymerization of Thermosets	62
	2.8 Conclusions	64
	Review Questions for Chapter 2	64
	3 Thermodynamics, StatisticalThermodynamics, and Heat Transfer	66
	3.1 Introduction	66
	3.2 Energy of Polymerization Reactions	74
	3.3 Energies of Interactions	75
	3.4 Statistical Thermodynamics	80
	3.5 Heat Transfer	81
	3.6 Summary	81
	Review Questions for Chapter 3	82
	4 Kinetics	84
	4.1 Introduction	84
	4.2 The Rate Law: Orders, Rate Constants, and Their Use	85
	4.3 Kinetics of Step Growth Polymerization Processes	90
	4.4 Kinetics of Chain Growth Polymerization	91
	4.5 Other Kinetic Processes Studied in Polymeric Systems	95
	4.6 Conclusions	95
	Review Questions for Chapter 4	95
	5 Molecular Characterization of Polymers	98
	5.1 Introduction	98
	5.2 Molecular Weight	99
	5.3 Homopolymer Chemical Composition	107
	5.4 Copolymer Chemical Composition	110
	5.5 Branching	114
	5.6 Crosslinking	119
	5.7 Conclusions	123
	Review Questions for Chapter 5	123
	6 Rheological Properties of PolymericMaterials	124
	6.1 Introduction	124
	6.2 Flow, Stresses, Strains and Deformations	124
	6.3 The Molecular Origin of Rheological Properties	128
	6.4 Temperature Effects on Rheological Properties	131
	6.5 Measurement Techniques	132
	6.6 Implications of Rheology and Conclusions	133
	Review Questions for Chapter 6	134
	7 Development and Characterizationof Solid State Molecular andSupermolecular Structure	136
	7.1 Introduction	136
	7.2 Solid State Morphology	137
	7.3 Crystallization	143
	7.4 Characterization of Solid State Molecular andSupermolecular Structure	147
	7.5 Conclusions	155
	Review Questions for Chapter 7	156
	8 Solid State Properties of Polymers	158
	8.1 Introduction	158
	8.2 Mechanical Properties	158
	8.3 Optical Properties	173
	8.4 Surface Contact Properties	177
	8.5 Barrier Properties	181
	8.6 Electrical Properties	184
	8.7 Weather Resistance	189
	8.8 Conclusions	190
	Review Questions for Chapter 8	190
	9 Polymer Degradation and Stability	192
	9.1 Polymer Lifetime Experiences	192
	9.2 General Descriptions of Degradation	192
	9.3 Conclusions	201
	Review Questions for Chapter 9	202
	10 Polymeric Mixtures	204
	10.1 Introduction to Polymeric Blends and Mixtures	204
	10.2 Polymer Blends	204
	10.3 Properties of Blends	209
	10.4 Polymer-Additive Mixtures	212
	10.5 Conclusion	214
	Review Questions for Chapter 10	214
	11 Extrusion Processes	216
	11.1 Introduction	216
	11.2 Principles of Extrusion	216
	11.3 Profi le Extrusion	220
	11.4 Film and Sheet Casting	221
	11.5 Film Blowing	223
	11.6 Fiber Spinning	225
	11.7 Extrusion Coating	227
	11.8 Wire and Cable Coating	228
	11.9 Conclusion	229
	Review Questions for Chapter 11	230
	12 Compounding	232
	12.1 Introduction	232
	12.2 The Goal of Compounding	232
	12.3 Compounding Equipment	234
	12.4 Additional Considerations	242
	12.5 Conclusions	243
	Review Questions for Chapter 12	243
	13 Injection Molding	246
	13.1 Introduction	246
	13.2 Principles of Injection Molding	246
	13.3 Products	251
	13.4 Conclusion	252
	Review Questions for Chapter 13	252
	14 Blow Molding	254
	14.1 Introduction	254
	14.2 Principles of Blow Molding	254
	14.3 Products	260
	14.4 Conclusion	261
	Review Questions for Chapter 14	261
	15 Rotational Molding	264
	15.1 Introduction	264
	15.2 The Process	264
	15.3 Materials Used for Rotational Molding	269
	15.4 Rotational Molding Equipment	270
	15.5 Rotational Molded Products	271
	15.6 Conclusions	271
	Review Questions for Chapter 15	272
	16 Thermoforming	274
	16.1 Introduction	274
	16.2 Principles of Thermoforming	274
	16.3 Products	277
	16.4 Conclusion	278
	Review Questions for Chapter 16	279
	17 Recycling	280
	17.1 Introduction	280
	17.2 Materials Amenable to Recycling Processes	280
	17.3 Recycling Commercial Scrap	281
	17.4 Post Consumer Recycling	282
	17.5 Tertiary and Quaternary Recycling	285
	17.6 Conclusions	286
	Review Questions for Chapter 17	286
	18 Polyethylene	288
	18.1 Introduction	288
	18.2 Chemical Structure	288
	18.3 Manufacture	291
	18.4 Morphology	298
	18.5 Structure/Property Relationships	299
	18.6 Products	302
	18.7 Conclusions	303
	Review Questions for Chapter 18	304
	19 Polypropylene	306
	19.1 Introduction	306
	19.2 Chemical Structure	306
	19.3 Structure and Morphology: Isotactic Polypropylene	307
	19.4 Manufacture	310
	19.5 Structure and Property Relationships	313
	19.6 End Uses	315
	19.7 Conclusions	317
	Review Questions for Chapter 19	318
	20 Polycarbonates	320
	20.1 Introduction	320
	20.2 Polymer Chemistry	320
	20.3 Structure and Morphology	323
	20.4 Manufacture	323
	20.5 Structure and Property Relationships	325
	20.6 Manufacturing Methods Using Polycarbonate	326
	20.7 Conclusions	327
	Review Questions for Chapter 20	327
	21 Polystyrene	330
	21.1 Introduction	330
	21.2 Chemical Structure	331
	21.3 Synthesis	333
	21.4 Foam Manufacture	339
	21.5 Structure/Property Relationships	341
	21.6 Products	342
	21.7 Conclusions	343
	Review Questions for Chapter 21	344
	22 Polyvinyl Chloride	346
	22.1 Introduction	346
	22.2 Chemical Structure	346
	22.3 Manufacture	347
	22.4 Morphology	349
	22.5 Degradation of Polyvinyl Chloride	350
	22.6 Additives to Polyvinyl Chloride	352
	22.7 Processing Methods and Applications	354
	22.8 Conclusions	358
	Review Questions for Chapter 22	359
	23 Nylons	360
	23.1 Introduction	360
	23.2 Chemical Structure	361
	23.3 Manufacture	363
	23.4 Morphology	366
	23.5 Structure/Property Relationships	369
	23.6 Products	371
	23.7 Conclusions	372
	Review Questions for Chapter 23	373
	24 Polyesters	374
	24.1 Introduction	374
	24.2 Chemistry of Polyesters	374
	24.3 Structure and Morphology	379
	24.4 Structure/Property Relationships	380
	24.5 End Uses	382
	24.6 Conclusions	384
	Review Questions for Chapter 24	384
	25 Polyurethanes	386
	25.1 Introduction	386
	25.2 Chemical Structure	387
	25.3 Manufacture	389
	25.4 Morphology	395
	25.5 Structure/Property Relationships and End Uses	397
	25.6 Conclusions	401
	Review Questions for Chapter 25	402
	Additional Reading	404
	Subject Index	408
	The Authors	420