Contents	7
	Preface to the Revised Edition	9
	Foreword	13
	Preface	19
	1 Introduction: discovering Islam	21
	PART ONE The Pattern of Islamic History	33
	2 Muslim ideal: holy Book and Prophet	35
	3 A theory of Islamic history	50
	1 IDEAL CALIPHS	53
	2 ARAB DYNASTIES: UMAYYADS AND ABBASIDS	58
	3 THE FLOWERING OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION	64
	4 DECLINE AND FALL	71
	5 SHIAS: REVOLUTION IN THE REVOLUTION	75
	6 MAHDISM AND MILLENARIAN MOVEMENTS	81
	4 The great Muslim empires: Ottomans, Saffavids and Mughals	85
	1 OTTOMANS: FACING EUROPE	85
	2 SAFFAVIDS: SHIA STATE	89
	3 MUGHALS: ENCOUNTER WITH HINDUISM	92
	4 OBSESSION AND SYNTHESIS	106
	5 Sufis and scholars	110
	1 SUFIS, SAINTS AND MYSTICS	111
	2 TWO SCHOLARS OF ISLAM: AL BERUNI AND IBN KHALDUN	118
	6 Islam of the periphery	127
	1 ON THE PERIPHERY	127
	2 THE MUSLIM MINORITY IN CHINA	130
	3 MUSLIMS IN THE USSR	131
	7 Under European rule: the colonial impact on Muslim society	137
	1 THE DISINTEGRATION OF SOCIETY	138
	2 THE MYTH OF THE NOBLE SAVAGE: MUSLIM TRIBESMAN	152
	PART TWO Contemporary Muslim Society	161
	8 Princes and paupers: Muslim societies in Saudi Arabia and south India	163
	1 SAUDI ARABIA: THE REAWAKENING OF THE PENINSULA	164
	2 THE ANDALUS SYNDROME IN SOUTH INDIA: À LA RECHERCHE DU TEMPS PERDU	178
	9 Muslim society turned inside out: ethnicity, women and refugees	192
	1 ‘DUBAI CHALO’: ETHNIC ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN MIDDLE EASTERN AND SOUTH ASIAN MUSLIM SOCIETIES	192
	2 MUSLIM WOMEN	204
	3 AFGHAN REFUGEES: DISPLACEMENT AND DESPAIR	216
	10 The reconstruction of Muslim thought	220
	1 CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SCHOLARSHIP	220
	2 CREATING ISLAMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES	228
	11 Only connect	237
	1 AMERICAN SOCIETY: GREAT SATAN OR PARADISE ON EARTH?	237
	2 CONNECTING	241
	3 CONCLUSION: THE DISCOVERY OF ISLAM	247
	APPENDIX	252
	GLOSSARY	257
	BIBLIOGRAPHY	258
	Index	260