Preface	6
	Contents	9
	Contributors	13
	Part I Comparing Countries and Regions	17
	1 E-government Maturity over 10 Years: A Comparative Analysis of E-government Maturity in Select Countries Around the World	18
	1 Introduction	19
	2 Background	20
	2.1 Stages of E-government	21
	3 Country Comparison	23
	3.1 Africa	25
	3.1.1 Kenya	26
	3.1.2 Nigeria	26
	3.2 Asia	27
	3.2.1 India	27
	3.2.2 Pakistan	27
	3.3 Australia	28
	3.3.1 Australia	28
	3.3.2 New Zealand	28
	3.4 Europe	29
	3.4.1 United Kingdom	30
	3.4.2 Germany	30
	3.5 North America	31
	3.5.1 United States	31
	3.5.2 Canada	32
	3.6 South America	32
	3.6.1 Argentina	33
	3.6.2 Brazil	33
	4 Emerging Trends in E-government	33
	5 Future Challenges for E-government	34
	6 Concluding Remarks	35
	References	36
	2 Framework of E-governance at the Local Government Level	38
	1 Introduction	38
	2 Background	39
	3 Main Thrust	41
	3.1 Observations	51
	3.1.1 Observations Related to Physical Infrastructure	51
	3.1.2 Observations Related to E-Government Frameworks	53
	4 Future E-governance Framework and Recommendations	54
	4.1 Proposed Framework	56
	5 Conclusion	56
	References	59
	3 A Comparative Study of Contents of E-government Service Websites of Middle East and North African (MENA) Countries	63
	1 Introduction	64
	2 Background	66
	2.1 ICT in MENA Nations	66
	2.2 Digital Divide: An Undesired Outcome of Widespread ICTs in MENA Nations	67
	2.3 E-government for Better Governance in MENA Nations	67
	2.4 E-government Challenges Faced by MENA Nations	68
	2.5 Public Private Partnerships (PPP) in MENA Nations for E-government	69
	2.6 The Role of Comparative Research in MENA Countries' E-government Adoption	70
	3 Methods	71
	3.1 Sample of E-government Websites	71
	3.2 Data Analysis	72
	4 Results and Discussion	72
	4.1 Types of E-government Websites	72
	4.2 Types of Services	75
	4.3 Features Available on E-government Websites	76
	4.4 Online Executable Services	77
	4.5 Stages of Development of E-government Services	77
	4.6 E-government Indices for MENA Nations	78
	5 Conclusions and Recommendations	79
	5.1 Recommendations and Concluding Remarks	79
	References	81
	4 Towards E-participation in the Middle East and NorthernEurope	84
	1 Introduction	85
	2 Background	85
	3 E-participation in Egypt	90
	4 E-participation in Bahrain	93
	5 E-participation in Estonia	94
	6 E-participation in Finland	96
	7 Summary and Implications	99
	8 Conclusions and Future Directions	100
	References	100
	5 Evaluation of the Impact and Adoption of E-government Services in the Balkans	104
	1 Introduction	105
	2 E-government Services	108
	2.1 Sophistication of E-government Services	108
	2.2 Basket of E-services	110
	3 Fuzzy Numbers	111
	3.1 Linguistics and Fuzzy Set Theory	111
	3.2 Fuzzy Numbers	111
	3.3 Defuzzification Methods	112
	3.3.1 Center of Gravity (COG)	112
	3.3.2 Bisector of Area (BOA)	113
	4 Expressing Time with Fuzzy Numbers	113
	4.1 Forming the Time Matrices	115
	5 Evaluation Metrics	116
	5.1 Average Gained Time I	116
	5.2 Average Gained Time II	117
	5.3 Average Gained Time III	118
	5.4 Defuzzification	119
	6 E-government Adoption Across the Balkans	119
	6.1 Sophistication Stage of Services	119
	6.2 Citizen Services	121
	6.3 Business Services	122
	6.4 Discussion	122
	7 Future Research Directions	124
	8 Conclusions	125
	References	125
	6 A Challenging E-journey Along the Silk Road: Lessons Learned from E-governments in China and India	128
	1 Introduction	129
	2 Role in Development	130
	3 Factors for a Successful E-government	131
	3.1 info Dev and E-government in Developing Countries	132
	3.2 Heeks' Design-Reality Gap Model	133
	4 Case Studies on China and India	133
	4.1 China	134
	4.1.1 The Success of Beijing's Business E-park	134
	4.1.2 Nanhai's District-Level E-government	136
	4.1.3 Comparative Analysis of Beijing and Nanhai	136
	4.2 India	137
	4.2.1 Success of Bhoomi	138
	4.2.2 Failure of Gyandoot	139
	4.2.3 Impact, Analysis, and Comparison	141
	4.2.4 Analysis and Comparison	142
	5 Overall Summary	149
	References	149
	7 Digital Government in North America: A Comparative Analysis of Policy and Program Priorities in Canada, Mexico, and the United States	152
	1 Introduction	153
	2 Understanding Digital Government	153
	3 Research Design and Methods	155
	4 Country Overviews	156
	4.1 Mexico	156
	4.2 Canada	157
	4.3 The United States	158
	4.4 Comparing the Three Countries	159
	5 Understanding Digital Government Related Priorities in the Three Countries of North America	159
	5.1 Objectives	159
	5.1.1 Comparing the Three Countries	161
	5.2 Strategies	162
	5.2.1 Comparing the Three Countries	163
	5.3 Projects	163
	5.3.1 Comparing the Three Countries	165
	5.4 Budget Priorities	166
	5.4.1 Comparing the Three Countries	166
	5.5 IT Governance	167
	5.5.1 Comparing the Three Countries	168
	6 Final Remarks	168
	References	171
	8 Adoption of Web 2.0 by Canadian and US Governments	174
	1 Introduction	174
	2 Theoretical Overview	177
	3 Methodology	179
	3.1 Evolution of Web 2.0	179
	3.2 How Is Web 2.0 Different from Web 1.0?	180
	3.3 Rationale and Definitions for Comparable Web 2.0 Technologies	181
	4 Results	183
	4.1 How Are Canadian Government Agencies Adopting Web 2.0?	183
	4.2 How Are US Government Agencies Adopting Web 2.0?	184
	5 Discussion and Comparison of Adoption of Web 2.0 by Canadian and US Governments	187
	6 Recommendations	188
	7 Conclusions	192
	References	193
	9 E-government and Federalism in Italy and CanadaA Comparative Assessment	195
	1 Introduction	195
	2 Political and Fiscal Federalism in Canada and Italy	197
	2.1 Canada	198
	2.2 Italy	200
	3 Co-ordinating E-government Across Jurisdictions	201
	3.1 Canada	201
	3.2 Italy	204
	4 Comparative Assessment	207
	5 Conclusion	209
	References	210
	10 Adoption of E-government by Disadvantaged Groupsin the United States and the United Kingdom	212
	1 Introduction	212
	2 Internet and E-government Usage by Disadvantaged Groups	214
	2.1 UK	214
	2.2 US	215
	3 Barriers to Internet Use	216
	4 Legal Requirements and Policy Guidance on Web Accessibility	217
	4.1 UK	217
	4.1.1 Legal Requirements in UK	217
	4.2 The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines	218
	4.3 US	218
	4.3.1 Section 508 Legislation	218
	4.3.2 The Americans with Disabilities Act [ADA], 1990	219
	5 How Accessible Are Government Web Sites?	219
	5.1 UK	220
	5.1.1 Accessibility of Central Government Web Sites	220
	5.1.2 Accessibility of Local Government Web Sites	220
	5.2 US	220
	5.2.1 Accessibility of Federal Government Web Sites	220
	5.2.2 Accessibility of State Web Sites	221
	6 Policies and Initiatives	221
	6.1 UK	221
	6.1.1 UK Online Centers	222
	6.1.2 Myguide	222
	6.1.3 UK Online Centers and E-government	222
	6.1.4 Home Internet Access	223
	6.1.5 Community Projects	223
	6.1.6 Digital Literacy	224
	6.1.7 Improving Web Usability	224
	6.2 US	224
	6.2.1 Public Libraries	225
	6.2.2 City-Wide Broadband and Digital Inclusion Strategies	225
	6.2.3 Improving Web Usability	226
	7 Conclusions	227
	References	228
	11 Implementing E-Government LocallyAn Empirical Survey from the European Metropolitan Area Rhine-Neckar	232
	1 Introduction	232
	2 A Definition of (European) Metropolitan Areas	235
	3 Setup and Research Methodology	238
	4 Results	241
	5 Discussion: Interpretations and Limitations of the Results	243
	6 Summary and Conclusion	245
	References	246
	Part II Country Case Studies	249
	12 E-government Adoption Landscape Zambia: Context, Issues, and Challenges	250
	1 Introduction	250
	2 Conceptual Framework of E-government	253
	2.1 E-government Maturity Models	253
	2.2 Issues and Challenges for E-government Implementation	253
	3 E-government Adoption Models	256
	4 E-government Adoption in Zambia	258
	4.1 Issues Status of Citizen E-government Adoption in Zambia	258
	4.2 Regulatory and Institutional Frameworks	260
	4.3 Regulatory and Institutional Frameworks Suggested E-government Adoption Model for Zambia	261
	5 Future Trends	263
	6 Conclusions	264
	References	265
	13 Challenges of Effective E-governance: Problems of Transparency, Infrastructure, and Connectivity in Kenya	268
	1 Introduction	268
	2 Background	269
	2.1 Kenya: A Brief History	271
	2.2 Anglo-leasing Scandal and Kibaki's Reform	272
	3 E-governance in Kenya: Equal to the Task?	273
	3.1 Seeking Transparency	275
	3.2 M-PESA---Mobile Money Transfer	276
	3.3 Infrastructure, Penetration, and Connectivity	277
	3.4 Discussions and Recommendations	279
	4 Future Research Directions	279
	5 Conclusion	280
	References	280
	14 The Politics of E-government in Spain: Between Recent Innovations and Old Inertias	283
	1 Introduction	283
	2 The First Steps of Computerization in Spanish Central Government	285
	3 Basic Attributes of E-government in Spain	288
	3.1 Strategy	289
	3.2 Europeanization	291
	3.3 Organizational Structure	292
	3.4 People	293
	3.5 ICTs Management Norms and Regulation	294
	3.6 Electronic Certification and Identification Policy	296
	4 The Social Demand for E-services and Public Opinion About E-government	296
	5 Conclusion	302
	References	303
	15 Technological Adoption of a Privatised E-government: Implications for Democracy and Socially Marginalised Communities in Brazil	306
	1 Introduction	306
	2 The Services Improvement Agenda in Brazil	308
	3 The Privatisation of Telecommunications in Brazil	312
	4 The Relationships Improvement Agenda	314
	5 Conclusion	316
	References	316
	16 The Challenges of E-governance in a Small, Developing Society: The Case of Trinidad and Tobago	319
	1 Country Background	319
	2 Reform of the Public Sector in Trinidad and Tobago and the Introduction of New Public Management	320
	3 The First Phase in the Introduction of E-governance in Trinidad and TobagoIntroducing E-government	323
	4 Some of the Challenges to E-government in Trinidad and Tobago	325
	4.1 The Introduction of Policy	325
	4.2 Funding	328
	4.3 Fragmentation of ICT Units and the Lethargy of the Public Sector	330
	4.4 Private-Sector Partnerships	331
	4.5 Digital Access	333
	5 Conclusion	334
	References	334
	17 Towards E-government Transformation in Turkey: Policy and Implementation	336
	1 Introduction	336
	2 The Concept of E-government	337
	3 E-government in Turkey	339
	3.1 E-government Studies and Projects in Turkey's Ministries	341
	3.1.1 Ministry of Justice	341
	3.1.2 Ministry of National Defence	341
	3.1.3 Ministry of Internal Affairs	342
	3.1.4 Ministry of Finance	344
	3.1.5 Ministry of National Education	345
	3.1.6 Ministry of Labor and Social Security	346
	3.2 E-government Studies and Project in Turkey's Local Governments	347
	3.2.1 Special Provincial Administrations	347
	3.2.2 Municipalities	347
	3.3 Turkish E-government Analyses with the Statistics	348
	4 E-governments Problems in Turkey	353
	5 Conclusion	355
	References	356
	18 Measuring E-government Adoption by Governments:The Greek Case	358
	1 Introduction	358
	2 Background	361
	3 The Greek Case	363
	4 Investigating E-government Adoption in Greece	365
	5 Conclusions and Future Research	369
	Appendix 2	373
	References	373
	19 Critical Factors for Adoption of E-government: Validityof Adoption Model in Indian Context	376
	1 Introduction	377
	2 E-government in India	378
	3 Theoretical Framework	379
	4 Research Methodology	382
	4.1 Sample Selection and Data Collection	382
	4.2 Statistical Analysis	384
	4.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)	384
	4.4 Reliability and Multicollinearity Assessment	388
	4.5 Regression Analysis	389
	5 Results and Discussion	390
	6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions	392
	References	392
	20 Conceptualizing and Implementation of E-government in India	395
	1 Introduction	395
	2 Method	397
	3 Conceptualization of E-government in India	397
	3.1 Political Factors	398
	3.2 Infrastructural Factors	398
	3.3 Familiarity Factors	399
	4 The E-government Plan	400
	4.1 Key Components	400
	4.2 Mission Mode Projects	402
	5 Implementing the E-government Plan	403
	5.1 Funding the Plan	403
	5.2 Institutional Setup for Implementation	403
	5.3 Role of the Private Sector	404
	6 Analysis and Status	405
	7 Barriers to E-government in India	406
	8 Impact Assessment	407
	9 Conclusion	408
	References	409
	21 E-government in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	412
	1 Introduction	412
	1.1 Importance of the E-government Concept	413
	1.2 Country Background Information	414
	1.3 Reasons for Considering the Case of Northern Cyprus	415
	2 E-government in Cyprus	416
	3 Reasons for E-government Adoption	418
	4 Organization of E-government in Northern Cyprus	419
	4.1 Organizational Structure	420
	4.2 Legal Infrastructure for E-government	420
	4.3 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Government Websites	421
	4.3.1 Central Government Websites	422
	4.3.2 Local Government Websites	422
	5 Evaluation and Conclusion	423
	5.1 Challenges and Future Issues	423
	5.2 Recommendations and Conclusions	424
	References	425
	22 SCRANs Development of a Trans-national Comparator for the Standardisation of E-government Services	427
	1 Introduction	427
	2 The Academic Networking of Smartcities	428
	2.1 SCRAN as a Three-Way Partnership	428
	2.2 Brief Overview of the Triple Helix	428
	2.3 SCRAN's Take on the Triple Helix	430
	2.4 Configuring the SmartCities Triple Helix	431
	2.5 The Step-Wise Logic	431
	2.6 Inverting the Normal Representation and ''Turning Things Upside Down''	433
	3 Reaching Above the Baseline	435
	3.1 The Question of Measurement	435
	3.2 The Trans-national Comparator	436
	3.3 The Standardisation of eGov Services	437
	3.4 Transformative Business-to-Citizen Applications Across the North Sea	439
	4 The Network	440
	4.1 The Shared Enterprise and Joint Venture	441
	4.2 The Workspaces	442
	4.3 Web-Services	442
	4.4 Main Areas of the Site	444
	5 Conclusions	446
	References	447
	Part III Innovations and Emerging Technologies	449
	23 Public Participation Geographic Information Systems:A Literature Survey	450
	1 PPGISAn Overview	451
	2 Evolution of PPGIS Technology	453
	2.1 Traditional Desktop-Based GIS	453
	2.2 Web GIS	453
	2.3 Geospatial Web 2.0 platforms	454
	3 PPGIS Themes	455
	3.1 Significance of Context	456
	3.2 Technical GIS Concerns	457
	3.3 Institutional Structure of Participatory Decision-Making Processes	459
	3.4 Empowerment	461
	4 Conclusion	462
	References	463
	24 Learning with GIS-Based Monitors in the Netherlands	468
	1 Introduction	468
	2 GIS-Based Monitoring	469
	3 Theoretical Framework	471
	3.1 Rational Approach	471
	3.2 Political Approach	472
	3.3 Cultural Approach	472
	3.4 Research Strategy	473
	4 Empirical Findings	473
	4.1 The Case-Studies	473
	4.2 Current Functions of GIS-Based Monitors	474
	4.2.1 Rational Function: Location-Based Signals	474
	4.2.2 Political Function: Making Policy Implementation Transparent	475
	4.2.3 Cultural Function: Sharing the Same Images	475
	4.3 Learning Conditions	475
	4.3.1 Rational Learning Conditions	475
	4.3.2 Political Learning Conditions	476
	4.3.3 Cultural Learning Conditions	476
	4.4 Learning Barriers	476
	4.4.1 Rational Learning Barriers	476
	4.4.2 Political Learning Barriers	477
	4.4.3 Cultural Learning Barriers	478
	4.5 Learning Levels	478
	4.5.1 Rational Learning Levels	478
	4.5.2 Political Learning Levels	479
	4.5.3 Cultural Learning Levels	479
	5 Conclusions and Recommendations	479
	5.1 Functions of GIS-Based Monitors	479
	5.2 Learning Conditions	480
	5.3 Learning Barriers	480
	5.4 Levels of Learning	480
	5.5 Recommendations	480
	References	482
	25 Bridging the Other Divide: An Assessment of the Usability of Trinidad and Tobago Government Ministry Websites	484
	1 Introduction	484
	1.1 The Other Divide and Website Usability	485
	2 Methodology	486
	2.1 Website Usability: Dimensions and Variables	487
	3 Findings	491
	3.1 Overview	491
	3.1.1 Best Practice Sites	492
	3.1.2 Usability Feature Assessments	493
	3.2 Navigation	495
	3.3 Legitimacy	496
	3.4 Information Architecture	497
	3.5 Accessibility Accommodations	497
	4 Usability Distributions of the Pilot Portal Site Relative to the Two Best Practice Ministry Sites	498
	5 Conclusion and Future Implications	500
	5.1 Future Implications	502
	Appendix	503
	References	503
	26 E-government in New Zealand: Local Governments, Digital Divides and the National Digital Strategy	506
	1 Introduction	506
	2 New Zealands National Digital Strategy	507
	3 Marginalised New Zealanders	511
	3.1 Digital Divide	512
	3.2 E-government and User Issues for Marginalised New Zealanders	512
	4 Theoretical Framework	513
	4.1 Social Informatics	513
	4.2 Boundary Conditions and Marginalisation	513
	4.3 Uncertainty	514
	4.4 An E-readiness Maturity Model for Local Governments in New Zealand	514
	5 Research Method Part 1	515
	5.1 Data Analysis: Part 1	515
	6 DiscussionLocal Government Websites	516
	7 Research Method Part 2	517
	8 DiscussionHypothetical Cases	517
	8.1 Case 1: Multiple Disabilities	517
	8.2 Case 2: Intellectually Impaired	518
	8.3 Case 3: Homeless	519
	8.4 Case 4: Elderly	519
	8.5 Digital Divides, Local Governments and Marginalised People	520
	9 Recommendations	521
	10 Conclusions	521
	References	522
	27 A Study of E-government and Political Indicators in Developing Nations with and Without Access-to-Information Laws	526
	1 Introduction	526
	2 Literature Review	528
	3 Data and Findings	530
	4 Discussion	538
	5 Conclusion	540
	References	541
	28 Socializing E-governance: A Parallel Study of Participatory E-governance and Emerging Social Media	544
	1 The Landscape of E-participation	544
	1.1 Defining Citizen Participation and E-participation	544
	1.2 Citizen Participation and E-participation Taxonomies	545
	1.3 E-participation State of Play	546
	1.4 Critical Factors for E-participation	547
	1.5 Barriers to E-participation	548
	1.6 A Synthesis of Key Recommendations for E-participation Projects	550
	2 Social Media for E-governance and E-participation: An Overview	552
	2.1 The Advent and Potential of Social Media	552
	2.2 Participatory Budgeting	555
	2.3 Problem Reporting and Follow-Up	555
	2.4 Gathering Citizens' Views and Concerns	556
	2.5 Uncovering Public Sector Information	557
	3 Concluding Remarks	558
	References	559
	29 E-government, Accountability, and Performance:Best-in-Class Governments in European Union Countries	561
	1 Introduction	561
	2 Accountability, Performance, and E-government	562
	2.1 Definition of Accountability	563
	2.2 Definition of Performance in the Public Sector	564
	2.3 How E-government May Affect Accountability and Performance	565
	3 E-government Development in the Public Sector	567
	3.1 The Evolution of E-government in European Union	567
	3.2 EU's Strategies and Actors for E-government	568
	3.3 E-government European Outputs	569
	4 The Influence of E-government on Accountability and Performance	570
	5 Conclusion	576
	Appendix	576
	Austria [1]	576
	Portugal [4]	577
	The United Kingdom [5]	578
	France [6]	579
	Sweden [7]	579
	Norway [9]	580
	Germany [10]	581
	Spain [11]	582
	The Netherlands [12]	583
	Italy [16]	584
	References	585
	30 The OECD Budgetary Transparency: An Examinationof Online Budgetary Information Across EuropeanUnion Countries	587
	1 Introduction	588
	2 Differences in Public Administration Styles in Europe	589
	3 International Experiences for Fiscal and Budget Transparency: OECD Recommendations on Best Practices for Budget Transparency	592
	4 Empirical Research	594
	4.1 Description of the Research Methodology	594
	4.2 Study Sample	596
	4.3 Results Analysis	597
	5 Conclusions	601
	References	613
	31 Does Size or Geography Matter? Empirical Analysisof Finnish Local Government Services on the Internet	615
	1 Introduction	615
	2 Broad and Narrow Issues in E-service Provision	616
	3 Content Framework and Questions	620
	4 Empirical Evidence	624
	4.1 Context, Data and Methods	624
	4.2 Results	626
	5 Conclusions	630
	Appendix	632
	References	635
	32 E-government Interoperability Framework: A Case Study in a Developing Country	638
	1 Introduction	639
	2 Interoperability Frameworks	640
	3 Interoperability in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities	643
	4 An Analysis of ICT Initiatives in Mozambique	645
	5 The e-GIF4M: The Approach	645
	6 Technical Implementation	646
	6.1 The e-GIF4M Service Delivery Architecture	646
	6.2 Technical Standards	648
	7 Organizational Implementation	650
	7.1 Supporting the Development of the Interoperability Framework	650
	7.2 E-GIF4M Interoperability Maturity Model	651
	7.3 Keeping the E-GIF4M Healthy	654
	8 The Plan	655
	8.1 Integration in the E-GIF4M Platform	656
	8.2 Systemic Actions	657
	9 Next Steps	658
	10 Conclusions	658
	References	659
	Index	662