Preface	5
	Contents	7
	Contributors	9
	1 The Role of Small Satellite Missions in Global Change Studies	14
	1.1 Introduction	15
	1.2 Small Satellite Missions: Facts and Trends	16
	1.2.1 General Facts	17
	1.2.2 Trends	18
	1.3 Resolution Requirements for Space Borne Remote Sensing	18
	1.4 Resolution Capabilities of Small Satellite Systems	21
	1.4.1 Spatial Resolution	21
	1.4.2 Spectral Resolution	21
	1.4.3 Temporal Resolution	22
	1.5 Status of Small Satellites	22
	1.6 Constellations	23
	1.6.1 Disaster Monitoring Constellation DMC-1	25
	DEIMOS-1	25
	1.6.2 RapidEye	26
	1.7 Conclusion	27
	References	28
	2 Spatial Pattern Analysis of Water-Driven Land Cover Change in Aridzone, Northwest of China	29
	2.1 Introduction	30
	2.2 Methodology	31
	2.2.1 Study Area and Data	31
	2.2.2 Image Classification	32
	2.2.3 Establishment of Land Cover Change Trajectories	32
	2.2.4 Spatial Pattern Analysis	32
	2.3 Results and Analysis	33
	2.3.1 Classification and Area Statistics	33
	2.3.2 Trajectories of Farmland Change	34
	2.3.3 Impacts of Water Supply on Farmland Changes	35
	2.4 Discussion	36
	2.5 Conclusions	36
	References	37
	3 A Spatial Logistic Regression Model for Simulating Land Use Patterns: A Case Study of the Shiraz Metropolitan Area of Iran	39
	3.1 Introduction	39
	3.2 Methodology	41
	3.2.1 Data Preparation	42
	3.2.2 Simulation Process	42
	3.2.3 Model Evaluation	43
	3.2.4 Prediction	43
	3.3 Parameterization of SLR for Shiraz Metropolitan Area	44
	3.3.1 Study Area and Data Sources	44
	3.3.2 Implementing the SLR	44
	3.3.2.1 Absorbing Excursion Spaces	46
	3.3.2.2 Transportation	46
	3.3.2.3 Landscape Feature	46
	3.4 Results and Discussions	46
	3.4.1 Model Coefficients	48
	3.4.2 Model Evaluation	49
	3.4.3 Forecasting	50
	3.5 Conclusions	52
	References	53
	4 Abu Dhabi Island: Analysis of Development and Vegetation Change Using Remote Sensing (19722000)	55
	4.1 Introduction	56
	4.2 Data	56
	4.3 Methodology	57
	4.3.1 Feature Identification and Selection	57
	4.3.2 Classification	58
	4.4 Results	59
	4.5 Discussion	63
	4.6 Conclusions	64
	References	64
	5 Remote Sensing of Coastal Water Quality in the Baltic Sea Using MERIS	66
	5.1 Introduction	66
	5.2 Characteristics of Optically Complex Waters	67
	5.3 Physics of the Problem	68
	5.4 Mathematical View	69
	5.5 Atmospheric Correction	70
	5.6 Principal Component Inversion	72
	5.7 Monitoring of Water Quality	75
	5.8 Conclusions	77
	References	77
	6 Remote Sensing for Water Quality Monitoring in Apalachicola Bay, USA	79
	6.1 Introduction	79
	6.2 Water Quality Indicators for Coastal and Estuarine Ecosystems	81
	6.3 Remote Sensing for Estuarine Water Quality Monitoring	82
	6.3.1 TSS Monitoring	82
	6.3.2 Chlorophyll-a Monitoring	83
	6.4 Remote Sensing of Water Quality in Apalachicola Bay	84
	6.4.1 Estimating TSS Concentrations	84
	6.4.2 Estimating Chlorophyll-a Concentrations	85
	6.5 Summary	87
	References	87
	7 Extracting Cryospheric Information over Lowlands from L-Band Polarimetric SAR Data	89
	7.1 Introduction	89
	7.2 Polarimetric Studies over Snow-Covered Agricultural Fields	90
	7.2.1 Data	90
	7.2.2 Qualitative Polarimetric Analysis	92
	7.3 State of the Cryosphere by Means of Statistical Learning Method	94
	7.3.1 SVM Background	94
	7.3.2 Methodology	96
	7.3.3 Results	97
	7.4 Quantitative Assessments	98
	7.4.1 Bare Soil Characterization	99
	7.4.2 Electromagnetic Backscattering Modeling for Snow-Covered Frozen Ground	100
	7.4.3 Toward the Estimation of Residual Liquid Water Content in Frozen Ground	102
	7.5 Conclusions	103
	References	104
	8 Variability of Northern Hemisphere Spring Snowmelt Dates Using the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder Snow Cover During 19822004	106
	8.1 Introduction	106
	8.2 Data and Methods	108
	8.3 Results	109
	8.3.1 Interannual Variability in Smtd	109
	8.3.2 Atmospheric Circulations Drive Large-Scale Interannual Variability in Smtd	112
	8.3.3 Snow Temperature Sensitivity Regions (TSRs)	115
	8.4 Summary and Discussions	116
	References	118
	9 MODIS Snow Monitoring Over the Tibetan Plateau	120
	9.1 Introduction	121
	9.2 Data	122
	9.2.1 MODIS Snow Mapping	122
	9.2.2 GTOPO30 DEM Data	124
	9.3 Seasonal Variations of Snowpack Over the Tibetan Plateau	124
	9.3.1 Snow Distribution and Annual Cycle	124
	9.3.2 Terrain Characteristics of Snow Cover Distribution	127
	9.3.3 Snow Ablation	130
	9.3.4 Interannual Variability and Linear Trend	131
	9.4 Discussion and Conclusion	132
	References	133
	10 The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS):Detecting the Fingerprints of Global Changein Geodetic Quantities	134
	10.1 Introduction	135
	10.2 Geodesys Contribution to Earth Observation	137
	10.2.1 The Global Geodetic Reference Frames	138
	10.2.2 Role of Geodetic Observations for Science	138
	10.3 GGOS: A Multi-technique, Multi-layered Yet Integrated System	139
	10.3.1 A Value-Chain from Observations to Applications	139
	10.3.2 A System-of-Systems	140
	10.3.3 A Multi-layered System	142
	10.3.4 Integration Through Multiple Links	142
	10.3.5 An Integrated System Sensing Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Solid Earth	143
	10.4 Global Change Results	144
	10.5 Future Developments	150
	References	151
	11 Monitoring Radial Tectonic Motions of Continental Borders Around the Atlantic Ocean and Regional Sea Level Changes by Space Geodetic Observations	153
	11.1 Introduction	153
	11.2 Methodology	155
	11.3 Results	157
	11.4 Sea Level Rise	159
	11.5 Conclusion and Discussion	161
	References	163
	12 GNSS Activities for Natural Disaster Monitoring and Climate Change Detection at GFZ An Overview	166
	12.1 Introduction	166
	12.2 GNSS Sensor Station Developments	167
	12.3 GNSS-Based Component for Tsunami Early Warning Systems	169
	12.4 GNSS Reflectometry	170
	12.5 GNSS Seismology	172
	12.6 GNSS Atmospheric Sounding	174
	12.6.1 Ground-Based GNSS Meteorology	174
	12.6.2 Spaced-Based Atmosphere Sounding	176
	12.7 Summary	177
	References	177
	13 Satellite Imagery for Landslide Mapping in an Earthquake-Struck Area	179
	13.1 Introduction	179
	13.2 Study Area	181
	13.3 Research Methodology	183
	13.3.1 Data Acquisition and Collection	184
	13.3.2 Image Preprocessing	185
	13.3.3 Image Transformation	186
	13.3.4 Change Detection	187
	13.3.5 Thematic Accuracy Assessment	188
	13.4 Results	189
	13.5 Conclusions	189
	References	190
	14 Relations Between Human Factors and Global Fire Activity	193
	14.1 Introduction	193
	14.2 Methods	194
	14.2.1 Active Fire Database	194
	14.2.2 Explanatory Variables: Generation of GIS Database	195
	14.2.3 Statistical Analysis of Input Data	196
	14.3 Results	197
	14.3.1 Spatial Patterns of Fire Indices	197
	14.3.2 Relations with AFD	198
	14.3.3 Relations with SDAFD	199
	14.3.4 Relations with LFP	202
	14.4 Discussion	202
	References	204
	15 The Use of Remote Sensing Data and Meteorological Information for Food Security Monitoring, Examples in East Africa	206
	15.1 Introduction	206
	15.2 Region of Interest	207
	15.3 Meteorological and Remote Sensing Data	207
	15.3.1 Rainfall	207
	15.3.2 Vegetation Condition	208
	15.4 The Models	209
	15.5 The Bulletins	210
	15.6 Some Important Parameters	215
	15.6.1 Agriculture -- Crop Mask	215
	15.6.2 Crop Phenology	216
	15.6.3 National Agriculture Statistics	216
	15.7 Field Assessment	218
	15.8 Data Dissemination	219
	15.9 Research and Development	220
	References	220
	16 Application of an Early Warning System for Floods	222
	16.1 Introduction	223
	16.2 The Structure of the Project	224
	16.2.1 Data	224
	16.2.2 Pre-elaboration	225
	16.3 Analysis of Historical Data	226
	16.3.1 Hydrological Analysis	227
	16.3.2 Automatic Calculation of Some Drainage Basin Parameters	229
	16.4 Real Time System	232
	16.4.1 Correction Factor Algorithm and Data Correction in Real Time	232
	16.4.2 Detection of Critical Rainfalls in Real Time with Grid Computing System	237
	16.4.3 Results and Conclusion	238
	References	241
	17 L-Band and C-Band Combined Interferometric Monitoring of the Wenchuan Earthquake	243
	17.1 Introduction	243
	17.2 Methodology	246
	17.2.1 Two-Pass DInSAR Approach	246
	17.2.2 Estimation of Horizontal and Vertical Components	248
	17.3 DInSAR Results	249
	17.3.1 PALSAR	249
	17.3.2 ASAR	250
	17.4 Combined Observation	252
	17.5 Validation	252
	17.6 Conclusion	255
	References	256
	18 Uncovering the SpaceTime Patterns of Change with the Use of Change Analyst Case Study of Hong Kong	258
	18.1 Introduction	258
	18.2 Land Use Change Modeling	259
	18.3 Study Area	260
	18.4 Methodology	261
	18.4.1 Logistic Regression	261
	18.4.2 Spatial Sampling	262
	18.4.3 GIS-Based Predictor Variables	263
	18.4.4 Data Compilation	263
	18.5 Results and Discussion	265
	18.5.1 Logistic Regression Results	265
	18.5.2 Evaluation of the Model	267
	18.5.3 Prediction Results	267
	18.6 Discussion	269
	18.7 Conclusion	269
	References	270
	19 Change Detection of Sea Ice Distribution in SAR Imagery Using Semi-variogram of Intrinsic Regionalization Model	272
	19.1 Introduction	272
	19.2 Intrinsic Model Based on Bigamma and Mosaic Random Functions	273
	19.2.1 Intrinsic Model	273
	19.2.2 Bigamma Random Function	274
	19.2.3 Poisson Tessellation Based Mosaic Random Function	276
	19.3 Parameter Estimation for the Mixture Model	277
	19.3.1 Experimental Semi-variogram	277
	19.3.2 Theory Semi-variogram	278
	19.3.3 Parameter Estimation by Least-Squares Adjustment	278
	19.4 Experimental Results	278
	19.5 Conclusions	282
	References	282
	Index	284