Intercultural Language Teaching and Learning	5
	Copyright	6
	Contents	7
	Acknowledgments	10
	1 Introduction	11
	Language, Culture, and Language Education	11
	The Concept of Method	12
	Critiques of Method	13
	Moving beyond Methods	14
	About this Book	17
	2 Languages, Cultures, and the Intercultural	21
	Understanding Language	21
	Language as a structural system	22
	Language as a communicative system	23
	Language as social practice	23
	Concluding comments	26
	Understanding Culture	27
	Cultures as national attributes	28
	Cultures as societal norms	29
	Cultures as symbolic systems	30
	Cultures as practices	30
	Culture for language teaching and learning	31
	The Intercultural: Understanding Language, Culture, and their Relationship	35
	3 Second Language Acquisition, Language Learning, and Language Learning within an Intercultural Orientation	41
	Introduction: Two Families of Theories	41
	Key Understandings of SLA and Language Learning within Diverse Families of Theories	43
	A Brief History of the Development of Theories of Language Learning	45
	The Acquisition and Participation Metaphors	50
	Expanding Learning: Recognizing the Role of Interpretation in “Moving Between” Linguistic and Cultural Systems	53
	Conclusion	55
	4 Language Teaching and Learning as an Intercultural Endeavor	57
	Introduction	57
	The intercultural in language learning	58
	The Learner as Focus	61
	Language learner as learner	61
	Language learner as language user	62
	The learner as person	64
	The learner as focus: Concluding comments	66
	Principles for Teaching and Learning Languages from an Intercultural Perspective	66
	Practices for Intercultural Learning	69
	Practices in learning	69
	Conclusion	71
	5 Designing Classroom Interactionsand Experiences	73
	Expanding “Tasks” to Focus on Interaction and Experiences	74
	The Nature of Interaction	76
	The Experiential Dimension	76
	Considerations in Developing Interactions and Experiences	78
	Examples	80
	Example 1: Year 10 Chinese – examining translation	80
	Example 2: Year 11 and 12 Indonesian: Developing intra- and intercultural understanding	85
	Implications for Teachers and Students as Participantsin Language Learning	91
	6 Resources for Intercultural Language Learning	93
	Textbooks as Resources for Intercultural Learning	94
	Moving Beyond Textbooks	101
	The Authenticity of the Resource	103
	Literature as an Authentic Resource	105
	Communities as Resources	107
	The Classroom as a Resource	109
	Selecting and Evaluating Resources	111
	Adapting Resources	112
	Using Resources Critically	113
	Relating Resources to Each Other	114
	Concluding Comments	115
	7 Technologies in Intercultural Language Teaching and Learning	117
	Introduction	117
	Information Technologies and Intercultural Learning	118
	Social Technologies and Intercultural Learning	121
	Developing the Potential of Technologies for Intercultural Learning	128
	Technology as information resource	129
	Technology as content contextualization	129
	Technology as communication tool	129
	Technology as a construction kit	130
	Technology as visualization and manipulation	130
	Summary	130
	8 Assessing Intercultural Language Learning	133
	Contextualizing Assessment and Language Learning	134
	The tension between traditional and alternate assessment paradigms	134
	The institutional character of assessment	137
	Understanding the Process of Assessment	138
	Conceptualizing	139
	Eliciting	141
	Judging and validating	147
	The need for experimentation	150
	9 Programming and Planning	153
	Programs and Programming in a Traditional Perspective	153
	Conceptualizing Content for Language Teaching and Learning	154
	Structural understandings of content	154
	Communicative understandings of content	155
	Content-based language teaching	157
	Concept-based understandings of content	158
	Content for intercultural language teaching and learning	158
	Planning for Complexity	160
	Planning for Conceptual Learning	162
	Long-Term and Short-Term Planning	166
	Planning whole of learning	167
	Planning a course	169
	Planning a unit of work	169
	Planning a lesson	175
	The Place of Context in Planning Programs	175
	Conclusion	176
	10 Evaluating Language Programs	177
	Nature and Purpose of Program Evaluation	178
	Paradigms that Shape Program Evaluation	179
	The Process of Evaluation	181
	The Principles for Teaching and Learning Languages and Implications for Evaluation	184
	Evaluation and Teacher Professional Learning	187
	Conclusion	187
	References	189
	Index	205