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Chapter 1: Asian Paleoanthropology: An Introduction |
13 |
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Introduction |
13 |
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Contents of This Volume |
14 |
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Theoretical Approaches, Expectations, and Re-Evaluations |
14 |
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The Current State of the Asian Paleoanthropological Record |
15 |
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Discussion |
16 |
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References |
16 |
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Chapter 2: The Colonization of “Savannahstan”: Issues of Timing(s) and Patterns of Dispersal Across Asia in the Late Pliocene a |
18 |
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Introduction |
18 |
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Problems with the “Out of Africa 1” Model |
20 |
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The Emergence and Consequences of Grasslands in Late Pliocene East Africa |
20 |
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The Development of “Savannahstan” – The Asian Grasslands |
21 |
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The Tibetan Plateau and the Grasslands of North China |
21 |
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The South Asian Grasslands and the Indian Monsoon |
23 |
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Central and Southwest Asia |
23 |
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Early Pleistocene Lakes in Asia |
24 |
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The Longevity and Importance of the Asian Grasslands |
25 |
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Sangiran: Were the Earliest Hominins Inhabiting a Swampy Estuary? |
26 |
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The Uncertain Origins and Distinctiveness of Homo erectus |
27 |
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The Origin of H. erectus: Africa or Asia? |
27 |
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The Dmanisi Hominins |
28 |
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Were Hominin Migrations Always One-Way from Africa to Asia? |
28 |
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Absence of Evidence and Evidence of Absence |
29 |
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Southwest Asia: The Black Hole of Paleoanthropology |
30 |
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Dispersal Events and the Importance of Absence of Evidence |
31 |
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Some Alternative Perspectives |
32 |
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An Ultra-Long Chronology: Hominins Have Been in Asia as long as in Africa |
32 |
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The Implications of A. bahrelghazali (Chad): Could Hominins Have Dispersed out of Africa c. 3.0–3.5 Ma? |
32 |
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The Implications of Kadar Gona (Ethiopia): Could Hominins Have Dispersed out of Africa c. 2.6 Ma? |
33 |
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Routes of Dispersal |
33 |
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Dispersals or Colonisation? |
35 |
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Summary |
35 |
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References |
36 |
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Chapter 3: On the Road to China: The Environmental Landscape of the Early Pleistocene in Western Eurasia and Its Implication |
42 |
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Introduction |
42 |
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The Use of Large Mammals to Identify Grasslands in Paleoecological Analysis |
43 |
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Indicator Species |
44 |
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Ecological Diversity Analysis |
44 |
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Community-Wide Taxonomic Diversity |
44 |
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Paleoecological Reconstructions of Plio-Pleistocene Higher Latitude Sites |
44 |
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Paleoecological Reconstructions of Plio-Pleistocene Higher Latitude Sites Using the Indicator Species Method |
44 |
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Paleoecological Reconstructions of Plio-Pleistocene Higher Latitude Sites Using the Ecological Diversity Method |
45 |
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Paleoecological Reconstructions of Plio-Pleistocene Higher Latitude Sites Using the Community-Wide Taxonomic Diversity Method |
45 |
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Are the Methods Discordant? |
45 |
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Can These Paleoecological Reconstructions Be Reconciled? |
45 |
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Discussion and Conclusion |
48 |
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References |
49 |
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Chapter 4: Africa and Asia: Comparisons of the Earliest Archaeological Evidence |
52 |
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Introduction |
52 |
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The Oldowan of Africa |
52 |
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An Asian Perspective on the Oldowan |
53 |
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The Context of the Asian Early Paleolithic |
53 |
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The Asian Early Paleolithic: Predictions and Current Data |
54 |
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Nihewan Basin |
55 |
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Discussion |
56 |
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Conclusion |
57 |
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References |
57 |
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Chapter 5: Inter-continental Variation in Acheulean Bifaces |
60 |
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Introduction |
60 |
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Geographic Regions |
61 |
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Eastern Africa |
61 |
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The Arabian Peninsula |
62 |
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The Indian Sub-continent |
63 |
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Eastern Asia |
63 |
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Analyses |
63 |
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Discussion |
64 |
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References |
65 |
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Chapter 6: Cranial Shape in Asian Homo erectus: Geographic, Anagenetic, and Size-Related Variation |
67 |
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Introduction |
67 |
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Materials |
68 |
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Methods |
69 |
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Data Acquisition and Processing |
69 |
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Study Design |
72 |
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Statistical Analysis |
73 |
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Visualization |
74 |
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Results |
74 |
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Neurocranium |
74 |
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Maximum Landmarks Analysis |
74 |
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Maximum Indonesians Analysis |
76 |
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Maximum Zhoukoudian Analysis |
76 |
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Indonesians Only Analysis |
78 |
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Frontal Bone Analysis |
79 |
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Temporal Base Analysis |
81 |
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Occipital Bone Analysis |
83 |
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Discussion: |
84 |
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Geographic Patterns of Variation |
84 |
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Size-Related and Temporal Variation |
84 |
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Variation Within Javanese Homo erectus |
85 |
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Relationships Among Javanese Homo erectus |
86 |
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Evidence for Separate Lineages in Java > 1 Ma |
86 |
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Conclusions |
86 |
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References |
87 |
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Chapter 7: Rethinking the Palearctic-Oriental Biogeographic Boundary in Quaternary China |
90 |
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Introduction |
90 |
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Chinese Quaternary Environment |
90 |
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Plio-Pleistocene Division |
91 |
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Quaternary Biogeography |
91 |
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Central-East China: A Migration Corridor? |
94 |
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Discussion |
97 |
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Conclusions |
106 |
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References |
107 |
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Chapter 8: The History of Hominin Occupation of Central Asia in Review |
110 |
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Introduction |
110 |
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Defining Central Asia: How Big Is It? |
111 |
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The Paleoclimate of Central Asia |
111 |
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Earliest Evidence of Hominin Occupation of Central Asia |
112 |
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The Late Pleistocene of Central Asia |
114 |
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Who Inhabited Central Asia During the Pleistocene? The Hominin Fossil Record |
115 |
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Concluding Remarks |
118 |
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References |
119 |
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Chapter 9: Core-and-Flake Assemblages of Central and Peninsular India |
122 |
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Introduction |
122 |
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Northern India |
123 |
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Central India |
126 |
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Western India |
130 |
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Eastern India |
131 |
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Southern India |
131 |
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Discussion |
132 |
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Conclusions |
133 |
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References |
134 |
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Chapter 10: South Asia as a Geographic Crossroad: Patterns and Predictions of Hominin Morphology in Pleistocene India |
138 |
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Introduction |
138 |
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Background |
138 |
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Middle Pleistocene Hominin Morphology in South Asia |
139 |
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Materials and Methods |
140 |
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Evolutionary Scenarios for H. heidelbergensis |
143 |
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Results |
143 |
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Discussion |
145 |
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Models and Predictions for South Asia |
146 |
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Conclusion |
147 |
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References |
148 |
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Chapter 11: Cranial Morphology and Variation of the Earliest Indonesian Hominids |
151 |
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Introduction |
151 |
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Materials and Methods |
153 |
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Materials |
153 |
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Comparative Samples and Data Collection |
154 |
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Analysis |
154 |
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Hypotheses To Be Tested |
154 |
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Test 1: Morphology of Trinil 2 and Sangiran 2 |
154 |
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Test 2: Bp 9408 and Bu 9604 |
157 |
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Bp 9408 |
158 |
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Bu 9604 |
158 |
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Summary |
159 |
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Test 3: Variation and Morphological Affinities of the Expanded Grenzbank/Sangiran Cranial Sample |
159 |
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Discussion |
160 |
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Question of Great Variation |
161 |
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Questions of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Grade |
162 |
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Dates of the Oldest Indonesian Hominids |
162 |
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Origins of the Robust Cranial Characteristics |
162 |
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Conclusions |
163 |
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References |
163 |
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Chapter 12: Central-East China – A Plio-Pleistocene Dispersal Corridor: The Current State of Evidence for Hominin Occupations |
166 |
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Introduction |
166 |
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Natural Barriers and Possible Migration Corridors |
167 |
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Through the Qinling Mountain Range |
169 |
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East of the Qinling Mountain Range |
170 |
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Discussion |
172 |
|
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Relatively Few Early and Middle Pleistocene Sites Have Been Identified in CE China |
172 |
|
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Many of the Existing Sites Require More Detailed Study |
172 |
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Conclusions |
173 |
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References |
173 |
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Chapter 13: The Earliest Hominin Occupations in the Nihewan Basin of Northern China: Recent Progress in Field Investigations |
176 |
|
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Introduction |
176 |
|
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Background |
176 |
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Chronology |
178 |
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The Lower Palaeolithic Sites |
178 |
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Xiaochangliang |
178 |
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Donggutuo |
180 |
|
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Dachangliang |
180 |
|
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Goudi (Majuangou III) |
181 |
|
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Lithic Technology of the Nihewan Hominins |
182 |
|
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Raw Material Procurement |
182 |
|
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Core Reduction |
183 |
|
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Flake-Tool Production |
183 |
|
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Tool Utilization |
184 |
|
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Discussion and Summary |
184 |
|
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References |
186 |
|
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Chapter 14: Peopling in the Korean Peninsula |
188 |
|
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Introduction |
188 |
|
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The Oldest Hominin Fossils from the Korean Peninsula |
188 |
|
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The Earliest Archaeological Sites |
192 |
|
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The Current State of Research on the Oldest Industries in Korea |
192 |
|
|
Old Fashioned Artifacts in New Contexts |
194 |
|
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What Is the Age of the Earliest Occupation and What Types of Stone Industries Were Associated with This Earliest Dispersal? |
195 |
|
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References |
195 |
|
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Chapter 15: When Were the Earliest Hominin Migrations to the Japanese Islands? |
198 |
|
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Introduction |
198 |
|
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Vertebrate Paleontology |
198 |
|
|
Pleistocene Hominin Fossils in Japan |
199 |
|
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Lithic Industries Older than c. 30 ka in Japan |
201 |
|
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The Earliest Site in Japan: Kanedori |
202 |
|
|
Lithic Industries from the Kanedori Site |
203 |
|
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Tephrochronology at the Kanedori Site |
204 |
|
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Discussion |
205 |
|
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Conclusions |
206 |
|
|
References |
206 |
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